Keyword: u.s. gov't
2015 (1)
Bayesian kernel machine regression for estimating the health effects of multi-pollutant mixtures. Bobb, J. F., Valeri, L., Claus Henn, B., Christiani, D. C., Wright, R. O., Mazumdar, M., Godleski, J. J., & Coull, B. A. Biostatistics (Oxford, England), 16(3):493–508, September, 2015. Publisher: Biostatistics
![Bayesian kernel machine regression for estimating the health effects of multi-pollutant mixtures [link]](https://bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg "link")
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Because humans are invariably exposed to complex chemical mixtures, estimating the health effects of multi-pollutant exposures is of critical concern in environmental epidemiology, and to regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. However, most health effects studies focus on single agents or consider simple two-way interaction models, in part because we lack the statistical methodology to more realistically capture the complexity of mixed exposures. We introduce Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) as a new approach to study mixtures, in which the health outcome is regressed on a flexible function of the mixture (e.g. air pollution or toxic waste) components that is specified using a kernel function. In high-dimensional settings, a novel hierarchical variable selection approach is incorporated to identify important mixture components and account for the correlated structure of the mixture. Simulation studies demonstrate the success of BKMR in estimating the exposure-response function and in identifying the individual components of the mixture responsible for health effects. We demonstrate the features of the method through epidemiology and toxicology applications.
@article{bobb_bayesian_2015,
title = {Bayesian kernel machine regression for estimating the health effects of multi-pollutant mixtures},
volume = {16},
issn = {1468-4357},
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25532525/},
doi = {10.1093/BIOSTATISTICS/KXU058},
abstract = {Because humans are invariably exposed to complex chemical mixtures, estimating the health effects of multi-pollutant exposures is of critical concern in environmental epidemiology, and to regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. However, most health effects studies focus on single agents or consider simple two-way interaction models, in part because we lack the statistical methodology to more realistically capture the complexity of mixed exposures. We introduce Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) as a new approach to study mixtures, in which the health outcome is regressed on a flexible function of the mixture (e.g. air pollution or toxic waste) components that is specified using a kernel function. In high-dimensional settings, a novel hierarchical variable selection approach is incorporated to identify important mixture components and account for the correlated structure of the mixture. Simulation studies demonstrate the success of BKMR in estimating the exposure-response function and in identifying the individual components of the mixture responsible for health effects. We demonstrate the features of the method through epidemiology and toxicology applications.},
number = {3},
urldate = {2021-12-16},
journal = {Biostatistics (Oxford, England)},
author = {Bobb, Jennifer F. and Valeri, Linda and Claus Henn, Birgit and Christiani, David C. and Wright, Robert O. and Mazumdar, Maitreyi and Godleski, John J. and Coull, Brent A.},
month = sep,
year = {2015},
pmid = {25532525},
note = {Publisher: Biostatistics},
keywords = {Animals, Bangladesh, Bayes Theorem*, Biostatistics, Brent A Coull, Child, Developmental Disabilities / etiology, Dogs, Environmental Health / statistics \& numerical data, Environmental Pollutants / adverse effects*, Extramural, Female, Hemodynamics / drug effects, Humans, Infant, Jennifer F Bobb, Linda Valeri, MEDLINE, Machine Learning, Metals / adverse effects, Models, N.I.H., NCBI, NIH, NLM, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, Neurodevelopmental Disorders / etiology, Non-P.H.S., Normal Distribution, PMC5963470, Pregnancy, Preschool, PubMed Abstract, Regression Analysis, Research Support, Statistical, U.S. Gov't, doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxu058, pmid:25532525},
pages = {493--508},
}2012 (2)
Body cues, not facial expressions, discriminate between intense positive and negative emotions. Aviezer, H., Trope, Y., & Todorov, A. Science, 338(6111):1225–1229, 2012. Place: United States ISBN: 1095-9203
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
The distinction between positive and negative emotions is fundamental in emotion models. Intriguingly, neurobiological work suggests shared mechanisms across positive and negative emotions. We tested whether similar overlap occurs in real-life facial expressions. During peak intensities of emotion, positive and negative situations were successfully discriminated from isolated bodies but not faces. Nevertheless, viewers perceived illusory positivity or negativity in the nondiagnostic faces when seen with bodies. To reveal the underlying mechanisms, we created compounds of intense negative faces combined with positive bodies, and vice versa. Perceived affect and mimicry of the faces shifted systematically as a function of their contextual body emotion. These findings challenge standard models of emotion expression and highlight the role of the body in expressing and perceiving emotions
@article{aviezer_body_2012,
title = {Body cues, not facial expressions, discriminate between intense positive and negative emotions.},
volume = {338},
doi = {10.1126/science.1224313},
abstract = {The distinction between positive and negative emotions is fundamental in emotion models. Intriguingly, neurobiological work suggests shared mechanisms across positive and negative emotions. We tested whether similar overlap occurs in real-life facial expressions. During peak intensities of emotion, positive and negative situations were successfully discriminated from isolated bodies but not faces. Nevertheless, viewers perceived illusory positivity or negativity in the nondiagnostic faces when seen with bodies. To reveal the underlying mechanisms, we created compounds of intense negative faces combined with positive bodies, and vice versa. Perceived affect and mimicry of the faces shifted systematically as a function of their contextual body emotion. These findings challenge standard models of emotion expression and highlight the role of the body in expressing and perceiving emotions},
language = {eng},
number = {6111},
journal = {Science},
author = {Aviezer, Hillel and Trope, Yaacov and Todorov, Alexander},
year = {2012},
pmid = {23197536},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 1095-9203},
keywords = {Adolescent, Cues, Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Illusions, Kinesics, Male, Perception, Young Adult, randomized controlled trial, research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.},
pages = {1225--1229},
}A continuous semantic space describes the representation of thousands of object and action categories across the human brain. Huth, A. G, Nishimoto, S., Vu, A. T, & Gallant, J. L Neuron, 76(6):1210–1224, 2012. Place: United States ISBN: 1097-4199
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Humans can see and name thousands of distinct object and action categories, so it is unlikely that each category is represented in a distinct brain area. A more efficient scheme would be to represent categories as locations in a continuous semantic space mapped smoothly across the cortical surface. To search for such a space, we used fMRI to measure human brain activity evoked by natural movies. We then used voxelwise models to examine the cortical representation of 1,705 object and action categories. The first few dimensions of the underlying semantic space were recovered from the fit models by principal components analysis. Projection of the recovered semantic space onto cortical flat maps shows that semantic selectivity is organized into smooth gradients that cover much of visual and nonvisual cortex. Furthermore, both the recovered semantic space and the cortical organization of the space are shared across different individuals
@article{huth_continuous_2012,
title = {A continuous semantic space describes the representation of thousands of object and action categories across the human brain.},
volume = {76},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.014},
abstract = {Humans can see and name thousands of distinct object and action categories, so it is unlikely that each category is represented in a distinct brain area. A more efficient scheme would be to represent categories as locations in a continuous semantic space mapped smoothly across the cortical surface. To search for such a space, we used fMRI to measure human brain activity evoked by natural movies. We then used voxelwise models to examine the cortical representation of 1,705 object and action categories. The first few dimensions of the underlying semantic space were recovered from the fit models by principal components analysis. Projection of the recovered semantic space onto cortical flat maps shows that semantic selectivity is organized into smooth gradients that cover much of visual and nonvisual cortex. Furthermore, both the recovered semantic space and the cortical organization of the space are shared across different individuals},
language = {eng},
number = {6},
journal = {Neuron},
author = {Huth, Alexander G and Nishimoto, Shinji and Vu, An T and Gallant, Jack L},
year = {2012},
pmid = {23259955},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 1097-4199},
keywords = {Adult, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Concept Formation, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Reference Values, Semantics, Verbal Behavior, research support, n.i.h., extramural, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.},
pages = {1210--1224},
}2011 (1)
Complementary neural representations for faces and words: a computational exploration. Plaut, D. C & Behrmann, M. Cogn Neuropsychol, 28(3-4):251–275, 2011. Place: England ISBN: 1464-0627
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
A key issue that continues to generate controversy concerns the nature of the psychological, computational, and neural mechanisms that support the visual recognition of objects such as faces and words. While some researchers claim that visual recognition is accomplished by category-specific modules dedicated to processing distinct object classes, other researchers have argued for a more distributed system with only partially specialized cortical regions. Considerable evidence from both functional neuroimaging and neuropsychology would seem to favour the modular view, and yet close examination of those data reveals rather graded patterns of specialization that support a more distributed account. This paper explores a theoretical middle ground in which the functional specialization of brain regions arises from general principles and constraints on neural representation and learning that operate throughout cortex but that nonetheless have distinct implications for different classes of stimuli. The account is supported by a computational simulation, in the form of an artificial neural network, that illustrates how cooperative and competitive interactions in the formation of neural representations for faces and words account for both their shared and distinctive properties. We set out a series of empirical predictions, which are also examined, and consider the further implications of this account
@article{plaut_complementary_2011,
title = {Complementary neural representations for faces and words: a computational exploration.},
volume = {28},
doi = {10.1080/02643294.2011.609812},
abstract = {A key issue that continues to generate controversy concerns the nature of the psychological, computational, and neural mechanisms that support the visual recognition of objects such as faces and words. While some researchers claim that visual recognition is accomplished by category-specific modules dedicated to processing distinct object classes, other researchers have argued for a more distributed system with only partially specialized cortical regions. Considerable evidence from both functional neuroimaging and neuropsychology would seem to favour the modular view, and yet close examination of those data reveals rather graded patterns of specialization that support a more distributed account. This paper explores a theoretical middle ground in which the functional specialization of brain regions arises from general principles and constraints on neural representation and learning that operate throughout cortex but that nonetheless have distinct implications for different classes of stimuli. The account is supported by a computational simulation, in the form of an artificial neural network, that illustrates how cooperative and competitive interactions in the formation of neural representations for faces and words account for both their shared and distinctive properties. We set out a series of empirical predictions, which are also examined, and consider the further implications of this account},
language = {eng},
number = {3-4},
journal = {Cogn Neuropsychol},
author = {Plaut, David C and Behrmann, Marlene},
year = {2011},
pmid = {22185237},
note = {Place: England
ISBN: 1464-0627},
keywords = {Alexia, Computer Simulation, Face, Humans, Models, Neurological, Neural Networks (Computer), Neural substrate, Prosopagnosia, Recognition (Psychology), SFN, Visual Perception, research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.},
pages = {251--275},
}2010 (1)
Detecting network modules in fMRI time series: a weighted network analysis approach. Mumford, J. A, Horvath, S., Oldham, M. C, Langfelder, P., Geschwind, D. H, & Poldrack, R. A Neuroimage, 52(4):1465–1476, 2010. Place: United States ISBN: 1095-9572
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Many network analyses of fMRI data begin by defining a set of regions, extracting the mean signal from each region and then analyzing the correlations between regions. One essential question that has not been addressed in the literature is how to best define the network neighborhoods over which a signal is combined for network analyses. Here we present a novel unsupervised method for the identification of tightly interconnected voxels, or modules, from fMRI data. This approach, weighted voxel coactivation network analysis (WVCNA), is based on a method that was originally developed to find modules of genes in gene networks. This approach differs from many of the standard network approaches in fMRI in that connections between voxels are described by a continuous measure, whereas typically voxels are considered to be either connected or not connected depending on whether the correlation between the two voxels survives a hard threshold value. Additionally, instead of simply using pairwise correlations to describe the connection between two voxels, WVCNA relies on a measure of topological overlap, which not only compares how correlated two voxels are but also the degree to which the pair of voxels is highly correlated with the same other voxels. We demonstrate the use of WVCNA to parcellate the brain into a set of modules that are reliably detected across data within the same subject and across subjects. In addition we compare WVCNA to ICA and show that the WVCNA modules have some of the same structure as the ICA components, but tend to be more spatially focused. We also demonstrate the use of some of the WVCNA network metrics for assessing a voxel's membership to a module and also how that voxel relates to other modules. Last, we illustrate how WVCNA modules can be used in a network analysis to find connections between regions of the brain and show that it produces reasonable results
@article{mumford_detecting_2010,
title = {Detecting network modules in {fMRI} time series: a weighted network analysis approach.},
volume = {52},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.047},
abstract = {Many network analyses of fMRI data begin by defining a set of regions, extracting the mean signal from each region and then analyzing the correlations between regions. One essential question that has not been addressed in the literature is how to best define the network neighborhoods over which a signal is combined for network analyses. Here we present a novel unsupervised method for the identification of tightly interconnected voxels, or modules, from fMRI data. This approach, weighted voxel coactivation network analysis (WVCNA), is based on a method that was originally developed to find modules of genes in gene networks. This approach differs from many of the standard network approaches in fMRI in that connections between voxels are described by a continuous measure, whereas typically voxels are considered to be either connected or not connected depending on whether the correlation between the two voxels survives a hard threshold value. Additionally, instead of simply using pairwise correlations to describe the connection between two voxels, WVCNA relies on a measure of topological overlap, which not only compares how correlated two voxels are but also the degree to which the pair of voxels is highly correlated with the same other voxels. We demonstrate the use of WVCNA to parcellate the brain into a set of modules that are reliably detected across data within the same subject and across subjects. In addition we compare WVCNA to ICA and show that the WVCNA modules have some of the same structure as the ICA components, but tend to be more spatially focused. We also demonstrate the use of some of the WVCNA network metrics for assessing a voxel's membership to a module and also how that voxel relates to other modules. Last, we illustrate how WVCNA modules can be used in a network analysis to find connections between regions of the brain and show that it produces reasonable results},
language = {eng},
number = {4},
journal = {Neuroimage},
author = {Mumford, Jeanette A and Horvath, Steve and Oldham, Michael C and Langfelder, Peter and Geschwind, Daniel H and Poldrack, Russell A},
year = {2010},
pmid = {20553896},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 1095-9572},
keywords = {Algorithms, Brain, Brain Mapping, Evoked Potentials, Humans, Image Enhancement, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nerve Net, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, research support, n.i.h., extramural, research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.},
pages = {1465--1476},
}2009 (1)
Auditory recognition memory is inferior to visual recognition memory. Cohen, M. A, Horowitz, T. S, & Wolfe, J. M Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106(14):6008–6010, 2009. Place: United States ISBN: 1091-6490
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Visual memory for scenes is surprisingly robust. We wished to examine whether an analogous ability exists in the auditory domain. Participants listened to a variety of sound clips and were tested on their ability to distinguish old from new clips. Stimuli ranged from complex auditory scenes (e.g., talking in a pool hall) to isolated auditory objects (e.g., a dog barking) to music. In some conditions, additional information was provided to help participants with encoding. In every situation, however, auditory memory proved to be systematically inferior to visual memory. This suggests that there exists either a fundamental difference between auditory and visual stimuli, or, more plausibly, an asymmetry between auditory and visual processing
@article{cohen_auditory_2009,
title = {Auditory recognition memory is inferior to visual recognition memory.},
volume = {106},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0811884106},
abstract = {Visual memory for scenes is surprisingly robust. We wished to examine whether an analogous ability exists in the auditory domain. Participants listened to a variety of sound clips and were tested on their ability to distinguish old from new clips. Stimuli ranged from complex auditory scenes (e.g., talking in a pool hall) to isolated auditory objects (e.g., a dog barking) to music. In some conditions, additional information was provided to help participants with encoding. In every situation, however, auditory memory proved to be systematically inferior to visual memory. This suggests that there exists either a fundamental difference between auditory and visual stimuli, or, more plausibly, an asymmetry between auditory and visual processing},
language = {eng},
number = {14},
journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
author = {Cohen, Michael A and Horowitz, Todd S and Wolfe, Jeremy M},
year = {2009},
pmid = {19307569},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 1091-6490},
keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation, Adolescent, Adult, Auditory Perception, Humans, Memory, Middle Aged, Recognition (Psychology), Visual Perception, Young Adult, comparative study, research support, n.i.h., extramural, research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.},
pages = {6008--6010},
}2006 (1)
Amorphous linear aliphatic polyesters for the facile preparation of tunable rapidly degrading elastomeric devices and delivery vectors. Olson, D. A, Gratton, S. E A, DeSimone, J. M, & Sheares, V. V J Am Chem Soc, 128(41):13625–13633, 2006. Place: United States ISBN: 0002-7863
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
A versatile method for preparing amorphous degradable elastomers with tunable properties that can be easily fabricated into a wide variety of shape-specific devices was investigated. Completely amorphous, liquid poly(ester ether) prepolymers with number-average molecular weights between 4 and 6 x 10(3) g/mol were prepared via condensation polymerization. These liquid prepolymers were then thermally cross-linked to form degradable elastomeric structures. The ability to vary the composition of these liquid prepolymers allows for easy control of the mechanical and degradation properties of the resulting elastomeric structures. Materials can be designed to completely degrade in vitro over a range of 30 days to 6 months, while the Young's modulus can be varied over 3 orders of magnitude (G = 0.02-20 MPa). Also, the liquid nature of these prepolymers makes them amenable to a wide variety of fabrication techniques. Using traditional and modified imprint lithography techniques, we have fabricated devices that demonstrate a wide variety of biologically applicable topologies, which could easily be extended to fabricate devices with more complex geometries. Until now, no method has combined this ease and speed of fabrication with the ability to control the mechanical and degradation properties of the resulting elastomers over such a broad range.
@article{olson_amorphous_2006,
title = {Amorphous linear aliphatic polyesters for the facile preparation of tunable rapidly degrading elastomeric devices and delivery vectors.},
volume = {128},
doi = {10.1021/ja063092m},
abstract = {A versatile method for preparing amorphous degradable elastomers with tunable properties that can be easily fabricated into a wide variety of shape-specific devices was investigated. Completely amorphous, liquid poly(ester ether) prepolymers with number-average molecular weights between 4 and 6 x 10(3) g/mol were prepared via condensation polymerization. These liquid prepolymers were then thermally cross-linked to form degradable elastomeric structures. The ability to vary the composition of these liquid prepolymers allows for easy control of the mechanical and degradation properties of the resulting elastomeric structures. Materials can be designed to completely degrade in vitro over a range of 30 days to 6 months, while the Young's modulus can be varied over 3 orders of magnitude (G = 0.02-20 MPa). Also, the liquid nature of these prepolymers makes them amenable to a wide variety of fabrication techniques. Using traditional and modified imprint lithography techniques, we have fabricated devices that demonstrate a wide variety of biologically applicable topologies, which could easily be extended to fabricate devices with more complex geometries. Until now, no method has combined this ease and speed of fabrication with the ability to control the mechanical and degradation properties of the resulting elastomers over such a broad range.},
language = {eng},
number = {41},
journal = {J Am Chem Soc},
author = {Olson, David A and Gratton, Stephanie E A and DeSimone, Joseph M and Sheares, Valerie V},
year = {2006},
pmid = {17031977},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 0002-7863},
keywords = {Biocompatible Materials, Cross-Linking Reagents, Elastomers, Materials Testing, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Models, Chemical, Molecular Weight, Polyesters, Temperature, Time Factors, research support, n.i.h., extramural, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.},
pages = {13625--13633},
}2005 (4)
Experiments investigating cooperative types in humans: A complement to evolutionary theory and simulations. Kurzban, R. & Houser, D. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102(5):1803-7, 2005.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Unlike other species, humans cooperate in large, distantly related groups, a fact that has long presented a puzzle to biologists. The pathway by which adaptations for large-scale cooperation among nonkin evolved in humans remains a subject of vigorous debate. Results from theoretical analyses and agent-based simulations suggest that evolutionary dynamics need not yield homogeneous populations, but can instead generate a polymorphic population that consists of individuals who vary in their degree of cooperativeness. These results resonate with the recent increasing emphasis on the importance of individual differences in understanding and modeling behavior and dynamics in experimental games and decision problems. Here, we report the results of laboratory experiments that complement both theory and simulation results. We find that our subjects fall into three types, an individual's type is stable, and a group's cooperative outcomes can be remarkably well predicted if one knows its type composition. Reciprocal types, who contribute to the public good as a positive function of their beliefs about others' contributions, constitute the majority (63%) of players; cooperators and free-riders are also present in our subject population. Despite substantial behavioral differences, earnings among types are statistically identical. Our results support the view that our human subject population is in a stable, polymorphic equilibrium of types.
@Article{Kurzban2005,
author = {Robert Kurzban and Daniel Houser},
journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
title = {Experiments investigating cooperative types in humans: {A} complement to evolutionary theory and simulations.},
year = {2005},
number = {5},
pages = {1803-7},
volume = {102},
abstract = {Unlike other species, humans cooperate in large, distantly related
groups, a fact that has long presented a puzzle to biologists. The
pathway by which adaptations for large-scale cooperation among nonkin
evolved in humans remains a subject of vigorous debate. Results from
theoretical analyses and agent-based simulations suggest that evolutionary
dynamics need not yield homogeneous populations, but can instead
generate a polymorphic population that consists of individuals who
vary in their degree of cooperativeness. These results resonate with
the recent increasing emphasis on the importance of individual differences
in understanding and modeling behavior and dynamics in experimental
games and decision problems. Here, we report the results of laboratory
experiments that complement both theory and simulation results. We
find that our subjects fall into three types, an individual's type
is stable, and a group's cooperative outcomes can be remarkably well
predicted if one knows its type composition. Reciprocal types, who
contribute to the public good as a positive function of their beliefs
about others' contributions, constitute the majority (63\%) of players;
cooperators and free-riders are also present in our subject population.
Despite substantial behavioral differences, earnings among types
are statistically identical. Our results support the view that our
human subject population is in a stable, polymorphic equilibrium
of types.},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0408759102},
keywords = {Agonistic Behavior, Animals, Anura, Behavior, Animal, Cues, Male, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Vocalization, 15665099},
}The persistence of object file representations. Noles, N. S, Scholl, B. J, & Mitroff, S. R Percept Psychophys, 67(2):324-34, 2005.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Coherent visual experience of dynamic scenes requires not only that the visual system segment scenes into component objects but that these object representations persist, so that an object can be identified as the same object from an earlier time. Object files (OFs) are visual representations thought to mediate such abilities: OFs lie between lower level sensory processing and higher level recognition, and they track salient objects over time and motion. OFs have traditionally been studied via object-specific preview benefits (OSPBs), in which discriminations of an object's features are speeded when an earlier preview of those features occurred on the same object, as opposed to on a different object, beyond general displaywide priming. Despite its popularity, many fundamental aspects of the OF framework remain unexplored. For example, although OFs are thought to be involved primarily in online visual processing, we do not know how long such representations persist; previous studies found OSPBs for up to 1500 msec but did not test for longer durations. We explored this issue using a modified object reviewing paradigm and found that robust OSPBs persist for more than five times longer than has previously been tested-for at least 8 sec, and possibly for much longer. Object files may be the "glue" that makes visual experience coherent not just in online moment-by-moment processing, but on the scale of seconds that characterizes our everyday perceptual experiences. These findings also bear on research in infant cognition, where OFs are thought to explain infants' abilities to track and enumerate small sets of objects over longer durations.
@Article{Noles2005,
author = {Nicholaus S Noles and Brian J Scholl and Stephen R Mitroff},
journal = {Percept Psychophys},
title = {The persistence of object file representations.},
year = {2005},
number = {2},
pages = {324-34},
volume = {67},
abstract = {Coherent visual experience of dynamic scenes requires not only that
the visual system segment scenes into component objects but that
these object representations persist, so that an object can be identified
as the same object from an earlier time. Object files (OFs) are visual
representations thought to mediate such abilities: OFs lie between
lower level sensory processing and higher level recognition, and
they track salient objects over time and motion. OFs have traditionally
been studied via object-specific preview benefits (OSPBs), in which
discriminations of an object's features are speeded when an earlier
preview of those features occurred on the same object, as opposed
to on a different object, beyond general displaywide priming. Despite
its popularity, many fundamental aspects of the OF framework remain
unexplored. For example, although OFs are thought to be involved
primarily in online visual processing, we do not know how long such
representations persist; previous studies found OSPBs for up to 1500
msec but did not test for longer durations. We explored this issue
using a modified object reviewing paradigm and found that robust
OSPBs persist for more than five times longer than has previously
been tested-for at least 8 sec, and possibly for much longer. Object
files may be the "glue" that makes visual experience coherent not
just in online moment-by-moment processing, but on the scale of seconds
that characterizes our everyday perceptual experiences. These findings
also bear on research in infant cognition, where OFs are thought
to explain infants' abilities to track and enumerate small sets of
objects over longer durations.},
keywords = {Extramural, Humans, Motion Perception, N.I.H., Non-P.H.S., P.H.S., Research Support, Rotation, U.S. Gov't, Visual Perception, 15973783},
}A helminth glycan induces APC maturation via alternative NF-kappa B activation independent of I kappa B alpha degradation. Thomas, P. G, Carter, M. R, Da'dara, A. A, DeSimone, T. M, & Harn, D. A J Immunol, 175(4):2082–2090, 2005. Place: United States ISBN: 0022-1767
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Activation of APCs via TLRs leads to activation of NF-kappaB, a key transcription factor in cells of the immune system most often associated with induction of Th1-type and proinflammatory responses. The neoglycoconjugate lacto-N-fucopentaose III (12-25 molecules)-dextran (LNFPIII-Dex) activates dendritic cells (DCs) via TLR4, as does LPS. However, unlike LPS, LNFPIII-Dex-activated cells induce Th2-type CD4+ T cell responses. This observation led us to ask whether LNFPIII-activated APCs were differentially activating NF-kappaB, and if so, could this partly account for how DCs mature in response to these two different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In this study, we show that LNFPIII-Dex stimulation of APCs induces rapid, but transient NF-kappaB translocation and activity in the nucleus, in comparison with the persistent activation induced by LPS. We then demonstrate that transient vs persistent NF-kappaB activation has important implications in the development of the APC phenotype, showing that the second wave of NF-kappaB translocation in response to LPS is required for production of the proinflammatory mediator NO. In contrast to LPS, LNFPIII-stimulated APCs that only transiently activate NF-kappaB do not induce degradation of the known IkappaB family members or production of NO. However, cells stimulated with LNFPIII rapidly accumulate p50, suggesting that an alternative p105 degradation-dependent mechanism is primarily responsible for NF-kappaB activation downstream of LNFPIII. Finally, we show that while NF-kappaB translocation in LNFPIII-stimulated APCs is transient, it is required for the development of the DC 2 phenotype, confirming a crucial and multifaceted role for NF-kappaB in innate immune responses.
@article{thomas_helminth_2005,
title = {A helminth glycan induces {APC} maturation via alternative {NF}-kappa {B} activation independent of {I} kappa {B} alpha degradation.},
volume = {175},
abstract = {Activation of APCs via TLRs leads to activation of NF-kappaB, a key transcription factor in cells of the immune system most often associated with induction of Th1-type and proinflammatory responses. The neoglycoconjugate lacto-N-fucopentaose III (12-25 molecules)-dextran (LNFPIII-Dex) activates dendritic cells (DCs) via TLR4, as does LPS. However, unlike LPS, LNFPIII-Dex-activated cells induce Th2-type CD4+ T cell responses. This observation led us to ask whether LNFPIII-activated APCs were differentially activating NF-kappaB, and if so, could this partly account for how DCs mature in response to these two different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In this study, we show that LNFPIII-Dex stimulation of APCs induces rapid, but transient NF-kappaB translocation and activity in the nucleus, in comparison with the persistent activation induced by LPS. We then demonstrate that transient vs persistent NF-kappaB activation has important implications in the development of the APC phenotype, showing that the second wave of NF-kappaB translocation in response to LPS is required for production of the proinflammatory mediator NO. In contrast to LPS, LNFPIII-stimulated APCs that only transiently activate NF-kappaB do not induce degradation of the known IkappaB family members or production of NO. However, cells stimulated with LNFPIII rapidly accumulate p50, suggesting that an alternative p105 degradation-dependent mechanism is primarily responsible for NF-kappaB activation downstream of LNFPIII. Finally, we show that while NF-kappaB translocation in LNFPIII-stimulated APCs is transient, it is required for the development of the DC 2 phenotype, confirming a crucial and multifaceted role for NF-kappaB in innate immune responses.},
language = {eng},
number = {4},
journal = {J Immunol},
author = {Thomas, Paul G and Carter, Michele R and Da'dara, Akram A and DeSimone, Tiffany M and Harn, Donald A},
year = {2005},
pmid = {16081774},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 0022-1767},
keywords = {Amino Sugars, Animals, Antigen-Presenting Cells, Antigens, Helminth, Cell Differentiation, Cell Line, Cells, Cultured, Coculture Techniques, Dendritic Cells, Dextrans, Female, I-kappa B Proteins, Lipopolysaccharides, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Transgenic, NF-kappa B, NF-kappa B p50 Subunit, Nitric Oxide, Polysaccharides, Schistosoma mansoni, research support, n.i.h., extramural, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {2082--2090},
}A comparison of linkage disequilibrium patterns and estimated population recombination rates across multiple populations. Evans, D., M. & Cardon, L., R. Am J Hum Genet, 76(4):681-687, 2005.
![A comparison of linkage disequilibrium patterns and estimated population recombination rates across multiple populations [pdf]](https://bibbase.org/img/filetypes/pdf.svg "pdf")
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex Large-scale studies of linkage disequilibrium (LD) have shown considerable variation in the extent and distribution of pairwise LD within and between populations. Taken at face value, these results suggest that genomewide LD maps for one population may not be generalizable to other populations. However, at least part of this diversity is due to some undesirable features of pairwise LD measures, which are well documented for the D' and r2 measures. In this report, we compare patterns of LD derived from pairwise measures with statistical estimates of population recombination rates ( rho ) along a 10-Mb stretch of chromosome 20 in four population samples, comprising East Asians, African Americans, and U.K. and U.S. individuals of western European descent. The results reveal the expected variability of D' within and between populations but show better concordance in estimates of r2 for the same markers across the population samples. Estimates of rho correlate well across populations, but there is still evidence of population-specific spikes and troughs in rho values. We conclude that it is unlikely that a single haplotype map will provide a definitive guide for association studies of many populations; rather, multiple maps will need to be constructed to provide the best-possible guides for gene mapping.
@article{
title = {A comparison of linkage disequilibrium patterns and estimated population recombination rates across multiple populations},
type = {article},
year = {2005},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Genetics, Population,*Linkage Disequilibrium,African Americans/genetics,African Continental Ancestry Group/genetics,Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics,Chromosome Mapping,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20,Comparative Study,European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics,Great Britain,Haplotypes,Humans,Recombination, Genetic,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,United States},
pages = {681-687},
volume = {76},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15719321},
id = {df641bec-fc57-358d-9cb4-13c6665f5e26},
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read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>0002-9297 (Print)<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {Large-scale studies of linkage disequilibrium (LD) have shown considerable variation in the extent and distribution of pairwise LD within and between populations. Taken at face value, these results suggest that genomewide LD maps for one population may not be generalizable to other populations. However, at least part of this diversity is due to some undesirable features of pairwise LD measures, which are well documented for the D' and r2 measures. In this report, we compare patterns of LD derived from pairwise measures with statistical estimates of population recombination rates ( rho ) along a 10-Mb stretch of chromosome 20 in four population samples, comprising East Asians, African Americans, and U.K. and U.S. individuals of western European descent. The results reveal the expected variability of D' within and between populations but show better concordance in estimates of r2 for the same markers across the population samples. Estimates of rho correlate well across populations, but there is still evidence of population-specific spikes and troughs in rho values. We conclude that it is unlikely that a single haplotype map will provide a definitive guide for association studies of many populations; rather, multiple maps will need to be constructed to provide the best-possible guides for gene mapping.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Evans, D M and Cardon, L R},
journal = {Am J Hum Genet},
number = {4}
}2004 (15)
Visual object understanding. Palmeri, T J & Gauthier, I Nat Rev Neurosci, 5(4):291–303, 2004.
bibtex
bibtex
@article{palmeri_visual_2004,
title = {Visual object understanding},
volume = {5},
number = {4},
journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci},
author = {Palmeri, T J and Gauthier, I},
year = {2004},
pmid = {15034554},
keywords = {Animals, Comprehension/*physiology, Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology, Form Perception/*physiology, Humans, Learning/physiology, Models, Neurological, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Perception/*physiology},
pages = {291--303},
}Modelling the recent common ancestry of all living humans. Rohde, D., L., Olson, S., & Chang, J., T. Nature, 431(7008):562-566, 2004.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex If a common ancestor of all living humans is defined as an individual who is a genealogical ancestor of all present-day people, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) for a randomly mating population would have lived in the very recent past. However, the random mating model ignores essential aspects of population substructure, such as the tendency of individuals to choose mates from the same social group, and the relative isolation of geographically separated groups. Here we show that recent common ancestors also emerge from two models incorporating substantial population substructure. One model, designed for simplicity and theoretical insight, yields explicit mathematical results through a probabilistic analysis. A more elaborate second model, designed to capture historical population dynamics in a more realistic way, is analysed computationally through Monte Carlo simulations. These analyses suggest that the genealogies of all living humans overlap in remarkable ways in the recent past. In particular, the MRCA of all present-day humans lived just a few thousand years ago in these models. Moreover, among all individuals living more than just a few thousand years earlier than the MRCA, each present-day human has exactly the same set of genealogical ancestors.
@article{
title = {Modelling the recent common ancestry of all living humans},
type = {article},
year = {2004},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Computer Simulation,*Pedigree,*Phylogeny,Emigration and Immigration,Female,Geography,Humans,Male,Monte Carlo Method,Population Density,Population Dynamics,Reproduction,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Time Factors},
pages = {562-566},
volume = {431},
id = {c213cb6e-eeef-3a9b-8149-72c0b09cf516},
created = {2017-06-19T13:43:49.961Z},
file_attached = {true},
profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:43:50.083Z},
tags = {04/12/23},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {If a common ancestor of all living humans is defined as an individual who is a genealogical ancestor of all present-day people, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) for a randomly mating population would have lived in the very recent past. However, the random mating model ignores essential aspects of population substructure, such as the tendency of individuals to choose mates from the same social group, and the relative isolation of geographically separated groups. Here we show that recent common ancestors also emerge from two models incorporating substantial population substructure. One model, designed for simplicity and theoretical insight, yields explicit mathematical results through a probabilistic analysis. A more elaborate second model, designed to capture historical population dynamics in a more realistic way, is analysed computationally through Monte Carlo simulations. These analyses suggest that the genealogies of all living humans overlap in remarkable ways in the recent past. In particular, the MRCA of all present-day humans lived just a few thousand years ago in these models. Moreover, among all individuals living more than just a few thousand years earlier than the MRCA, each present-day human has exactly the same set of genealogical ancestors.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Rohde, D L and Olson, S and Chang, J T},
journal = {Nature},
number = {7008}
}Animal behaviour: Coalition among male fiddler crabs. Backwell, P. R Y & Jennions, M. D Nature, 430(6998):417, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Until now, no compelling evidence has emerged from studies of animal territoriality to indicate that a resident will strategically help a neighbour to defend its territory against an intruder. We show here that territory-owning Australian fiddler crabs will judiciously assist other crabs in defending their neighbouring territories. This cooperation supports the prediction that it is sometimes less costly to assist a familiar neighbour than to renegotiate boundaries with a new, and possibly stronger, neighbour.
@Article{Backwell2004,
author = {Patricia R Y Backwell and Michael D Jennions},
journal = {Nature},
title = {Animal behaviour: {C}oalition among male fiddler crabs.},
year = {2004},
number = {6998},
pages = {417},
volume = {430},
abstract = {Until now, no compelling evidence has emerged from studies of animal
territoriality to indicate that a resident will strategically help
a neighbour to defend its territory against an intruder. We show
here that territory-owning Australian fiddler crabs will judiciously
assist other crabs in defending their neighbouring territories. This
cooperation supports the prediction that it is sometimes less costly
to assist a familiar neighbour than to renegotiate boundaries with
a new, and possibly stronger, neighbour.},
doi = {10.1038/430417a},
keywords = {Animals, Attention, Brain, Decision Making, Face, Female, Haplorhini, Housing, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Prefrontal Cortex, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Perception, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Dopamine, Learning, Schizophrenia, Substance-Related Disorders, Generalization (Psychology), Motor Skills, Non-P.H.S., Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Perception, Cerebral Cortex, Memory, Neurons, Sound Localization, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Neural Pathways, Non-, Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Age of Onset, Aging, Blindness, Child, Preschool, Infant, Newborn, Pitch Perception, Analysis of Variance, Animal Welfare, Laboratory, Behavior, Animal, Hybridization, Genetic, Maze Learning, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Inbred DBA, Phenotype, Reproducibility of Results, Darkness, Deafness, Finches, Sleep, Sound, Sunlight, Time Factors, Vocalization, Energy Metabolism, Evolution, Fossils, History, Ancient, Hominidae, Biological, Physical Endurance, Running, Skeleton, Walking, Acoustics, Auditory Perception, Cues, Discrimination Learning, Pair Bond, Social Behavior, Songbirds, Adolescent, England, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Korea, Language, Semantics, Vocabulary, Action Potentials, Hippocampus, Pyramidal Cells, Rats, Rotation, Australia, Brachyura, Cooperative Behavior, Logistic Models, Territoriality, 15269757},
}Basolateral Na+-H+ exchanger-1 in rat taste receptor cells is involved in neural adaptation to acidic stimuli. Lyall, V., Alam, R. I, Malik, S. A, Phan, T. T, Vinnikova, A. K, Heck, G. L, & DeSimone, J. A J Physiol, 556(Pt 1):159–173, 2004. Place: England ISBN: 0022-3751
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
The role of basolateral Na(+)-H(+) exchanger isoform-1 (NHE-1) was investigated in neural adaptation of rat taste responses to acidic stimuli, by direct measurement of intracellular pH (pH(i)) in polarized taste receptor cells (TRCs) and by chorda tympani (CT) taste nerve recordings. In TRCs perfused with CO(2)/HCO(3)(-)-free solution (pH 7.4), removal of basolateral Na(+) decreased pH(i) reversibly and zoniporide, a specific NHE-1 blocker, inhibited the Na(+)-induced changes in pH(i). The spontaneous rate of TRC pH(i) recovery from NH(4)Cl pulses was inhibited by basolateral zoniporide with a K(i) of 0.33microm. Exposure to basolateral ionomycin, reversibly increased TRC Ca(2+), resting pH(i), and the spontaneous rate of pH(i) recovery from an NH(4)Cl pulse. These effects of Ca(2+) on pH(i) were blocked by zoniporide. In in vivo experiments, topical lingual application of zoniporide increased the magnitude of the CT responses to acetic acid and CO(2), but not to HCl. Topical lingual application of ionomycin did not affect the phasic part of the CT responses to acidic stimuli, but decreased the tonic part by 50% of control over a period of about 1 min. This increased adaptation in the CT response was inhibited by zoniporide. Topical lingual application of 8-CPT-cAMP increased the CT responses to HCl, but not to CO(2), and acetic acid. In the presence of cAMP, ionomycin increased sensory adaptation to HCl, CO(2), and acetic acid. Thus, cAMP and Ca(2+) independently modulate CT responses to acidic stimuli. While cAMP enhances TRC apical H(+) entry and CT responses to strong acid, an increase in Ca(2+) activates NHE-1, and increases neural adaptation to all acidic stimuli.
@article{lyall_basolateral_2004,
title = {Basolateral {Na}+-{H}+ exchanger-1 in rat taste receptor cells is involved in neural adaptation to acidic stimuli.},
volume = {556},
doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2003.057745},
abstract = {The role of basolateral Na(+)-H(+) exchanger isoform-1 (NHE-1) was investigated in neural adaptation of rat taste responses to acidic stimuli, by direct measurement of intracellular pH (pH(i)) in polarized taste receptor cells (TRCs) and by chorda tympani (CT) taste nerve recordings. In TRCs perfused with CO(2)/HCO(3)(-)-free solution (pH 7.4), removal of basolateral Na(+) decreased pH(i) reversibly and zoniporide, a specific NHE-1 blocker, inhibited the Na(+)-induced changes in pH(i). The spontaneous rate of TRC pH(i) recovery from NH(4)Cl pulses was inhibited by basolateral zoniporide with a K(i) of 0.33microm. Exposure to basolateral ionomycin, reversibly increased TRC Ca(2+), resting pH(i), and the spontaneous rate of pH(i) recovery from an NH(4)Cl pulse. These effects of Ca(2+) on pH(i) were blocked by zoniporide. In in vivo experiments, topical lingual application of zoniporide increased the magnitude of the CT responses to acetic acid and CO(2), but not to HCl. Topical lingual application of ionomycin did not affect the phasic part of the CT responses to acidic stimuli, but decreased the tonic part by 50\% of control over a period of about 1 min. This increased adaptation in the CT response was inhibited by zoniporide. Topical lingual application of 8-CPT-cAMP increased the CT responses to HCl, but not to CO(2), and acetic acid. In the presence of cAMP, ionomycin increased sensory adaptation to HCl, CO(2), and acetic acid. Thus, cAMP and Ca(2+) independently modulate CT responses to acidic stimuli. While cAMP enhances TRC apical H(+) entry and CT responses to strong acid, an increase in Ca(2+) activates NHE-1, and increases neural adaptation to all acidic stimuli.},
language = {eng},
number = {Pt 1},
journal = {J Physiol},
author = {Lyall, Vijay and Alam, Rammy I and Malik, Shahbaz A and Phan, Tam-Hao T and Vinnikova, Anna K and Heck, Gerard L and DeSimone, John A},
year = {2004},
pmid = {14724181},
note = {Place: England
ISBN: 0022-3751},
keywords = {Acids, Adaptation, Physiological, Ammonium Chloride, Animals, Chorda Tympani Nerve, Cyclic AMP, Electrophysiology, Guanidines, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Intracellular Membranes, Ionomycin, Ionophores, Pyrazoles, Rats, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Sensory Receptor Cells, Sodium, Sodium Acetate, Sodium-Hydrogen Antiporter, Taste Buds, in vitro, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {159--173},
}A paradox in the evolution of primate vocal learning. Egnor, S. E R. & Hauser, M. D Trends Neurosci, 27(11):649-54, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
The importance of auditory feedback in the development of spoken language in humans is striking. Paradoxically, although auditory-feedback-dependent vocal plasticity has been shown in a variety of taxonomic groups, there is little evidence that our nearest relatives–non-human primates–require auditory feedback for the development of species-typical vocal signals. Because of the apparent lack of developmental plasticity in the vocal production system, neuroscientists have largely ignored the neural mechanisms of non-human primate vocal production and perception. Recently, the absence of evidence for vocal plasticity from developmental studies has been contrasted with evidence for vocal plasticity in adults. We argue that this new evidence makes non-human primate vocal behavior an attractive model system for neurobiological analysis.
@Article{Egnor2004,
author = {S. E Roian Egnor and Marc D Hauser},
journal = {Trends Neurosci},
title = {A paradox in the evolution of primate vocal learning.},
year = {2004},
number = {11},
pages = {649-54},
volume = {27},
abstract = {The importance of auditory feedback in the development of spoken language
in humans is striking. Paradoxically, although auditory-feedback-dependent
vocal plasticity has been shown in a variety of taxonomic groups,
there is little evidence that our nearest relatives--non-human primates--require
auditory feedback for the development of species-typical vocal signals.
Because of the apparent lack of developmental plasticity in the vocal
production system, neuroscientists have largely ignored the neural
mechanisms of non-human primate vocal production and perception.
Recently, the absence of evidence for vocal plasticity from developmental
studies has been contrasted with evidence for vocal plasticity in
adults. We argue that this new evidence makes non-human primate vocal
behavior an attractive model system for neurobiological analysis.},
doi = {10.1016/j.tins.2004.08.009},
keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation, Animal, Animals, Evolution, Humans, Learning, Non-U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Vocalization, 15474164},
}Associative learning shapes the neural code for stimulus magnitude in primary auditory cortex. Polley, D. B, Heiser, M. A, Blake, D. T, Schreiner, C. E, & Merzenich, M. M Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101(46):16351-6, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Since the dawn of experimental psychology, researchers have sought an understanding of the fundamental relationship between the amplitude of sensory stimuli and the magnitudes of their perceptual representations. Contemporary theories support the view that magnitude is encoded by a linear increase in firing rate established in the primary afferent pathways. In the present study, we have investigated sound intensity coding in the rat primary auditory cortex (AI) and describe its plasticity by following paired stimulus reinforcement and instrumental conditioning paradigms. In trained animals, population-response strengths in AI became more strongly nonlinear with increasing stimulus intensity. Individual AI responses became selective to more restricted ranges of sound intensities and, as a population, represented a broader range of preferred sound levels. These experiments demonstrate that the representation of stimulus magnitude can be powerfully reshaped by associative learning processes and suggest that the code for sound intensity within AI can be derived from intensity-tuned neurons that change, rather than simply increase, their firing rates in proportion to increases in sound intensity.
@Article{Polley2004,
author = {Daniel B Polley and Marc A Heiser and David T Blake and Christoph E Schreiner and Michael M Merzenich},
journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
title = {Associative learning shapes the neural code for stimulus magnitude in primary auditory cortex.},
year = {2004},
number = {46},
pages = {16351-6},
volume = {101},
abstract = {Since the dawn of experimental psychology, researchers have sought
an understanding of the fundamental relationship between the amplitude
of sensory stimuli and the magnitudes of their perceptual representations.
Contemporary theories support the view that magnitude is encoded
by a linear increase in firing rate established in the primary afferent
pathways. In the present study, we have investigated sound intensity
coding in the rat primary auditory cortex (AI) and describe its plasticity
by following paired stimulus reinforcement and instrumental conditioning
paradigms. In trained animals, population-response strengths in AI
became more strongly nonlinear with increasing stimulus intensity.
Individual AI responses became selective to more restricted ranges
of sound intensities and, as a population, represented a broader
range of preferred sound levels. These experiments demonstrate that
the representation of stimulus magnitude can be powerfully reshaped
by associative learning processes and suggest that the code for sound
intensity within AI can be derived from intensity-tuned neurons that
change, rather than simply increase, their firing rates in proportion
to increases in sound intensity.},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0407586101},
keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation, Animals, Association Learning, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Threshold, Conditioning (Psychology), Electrophysiology, Loudness Perception, Neuronal Plasticity, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Reinforcement (Psychology), Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Reward, 15534214},
}Psychological essentialism in children. Gelman, S. A Trends Cogn Sci, 8(9):404-9, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Psychological essentialism is the idea that certain categories, such as "lion" or "female", have an underlying reality that cannot be observed directly. Where does this idea come from? This article reviews recent evidence suggesting that psychological essentialism is an early cognitive bias. Young children look beyond the obvious in many converging ways: when learning words, generalizing knowledge to new category members, reasoning about the insides of things, contemplating the role of nature versus nurture, and constructing causal explanations. These findings argue against the standard view of children as concrete thinkers, instead claiming that children have an early tendency to search for hidden, non-obvious features.
@Article{Gelman2004,
author = {Susan A Gelman},
journal = {Trends Cogn Sci},
title = {Psychological essentialism in children.},
year = {2004},
number = {9},
pages = {404-9},
volume = {8},
abstract = {Psychological essentialism is the idea that certain categories, such
as "lion" or "female", have an underlying reality that cannot be
observed directly. Where does this idea come from? This article reviews
recent evidence suggesting that psychological essentialism is an
early cognitive bias. Young children look beyond the obvious in many
converging ways: when learning words, generalizing knowledge to new
category members, reasoning about the insides of things, contemplating
the role of nature versus nurture, and constructing causal explanations.
These findings argue against the standard view of children as concrete
thinkers, instead claiming that children have an early tendency to
search for hidden, non-obvious features.},
doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2004.07.001},
keywords = {Animals, Child, Child Development, Cognition, Female, Humans, Language, P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov't, 15350241},
}Synaptic computation. Abbott, L. & Regehr, W. G Nature, 431(7010):796-803, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Neurons are often considered to be the computational engines of the brain, with synapses acting solely as conveyers of information. But the diverse types of synaptic plasticity and the range of timescales over which they operate suggest that synapses have a more active role in information processing. Long-term changes in the transmission properties of synapses provide a physiological substrate for learning and memory, whereas short-term changes support a variety of computations. By expressing several forms of synaptic plasticity, a single neuron can convey an array of different signals to the neural circuit in which it operates.
@Article{Abbott2004,
author = {LF Abbott and Wade G Regehr},
journal = {Nature},
title = {Synaptic computation.},
year = {2004},
number = {7010},
pages = {796-803},
volume = {431},
abstract = {Neurons are often considered to be the computational engines of the
brain, with synapses acting solely as conveyers of information. But
the diverse types of synaptic plasticity and the range of timescales
over which they operate suggest that synapses have a more active
role in information processing. Long-term changes in the transmission
properties of synapses provide a physiological substrate for learning
and memory, whereas short-term changes support a variety of computations.
By expressing several forms of synaptic plasticity, a single neuron
can convey an array of different signals to the neural circuit in
which it operates.},
doi = {10.1038/nature03010},
groups = {Gain control},
keywords = {Animals, Attention, Brain, Decision Making, Face, Female, Haplorhini, Housing, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Prefrontal Cortex, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Perception, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Dopamine, Learning, Schizophrenia, Substance-Related Disorders, Generalization (Psychology), Motor Skills, Non-P.H.S., Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Perception, Cerebral Cortex, Memory, Neurons, Sound Localization, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, 15483601},
}Seeing the disappearance of unseen objects. Mitroff, S. R & Scholl, B. J Perception, 33(10):1267-73, 2004.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Because of the massive amount of incoming visual information, perception is fundamentally selective. We are aware of only a small subset of our visual input at any given moment, and a great deal of activity can occur right in front of our eyes without reaching awareness. While previous work has shown that even salient visual objects can go unseen, here we demonstrate the opposite pattern, wherein observers perceive stimuli which are not physically present. In particular, we show in two motion-induced blindness experiments that unseen objects can momentarily reenter awareness when they physically disappear: in some situations, you can see the disappearance of something you can't see. Moreover, when a stimulus changes outside of awareness in this situation and then physically disappears, observers momentarily see the altered version–thus perceiving properties of an object that they had never seen before, after that object is already gone. This phenomenon of 'perceptual reentry' yields new insights into the relationship between visual memory and conscious awareness.
@Article{Mitroff2004a,
author = {Stephen R Mitroff and Brian J Scholl},
journal = {Perception},
title = {Seeing the disappearance of unseen objects.},
year = {2004},
number = {10},
pages = {1267-73},
volume = {33},
abstract = {Because of the massive amount of incoming visual information, perception
is fundamentally selective. We are aware of only a small subset of
our visual input at any given moment, and a great deal of activity
can occur right in front of our eyes without reaching awareness.
While previous work has shown that even salient visual objects can
go unseen, here we demonstrate the opposite pattern, wherein observers
perceive stimuli which are not physically present. In particular,
we show in two motion-induced blindness experiments that unseen objects
can momentarily reenter awareness when they physically disappear:
in some situations, you can see the disappearance of something you
can't see. Moreover, when a stimulus changes outside of awareness
in this situation and then physically disappears, observers momentarily
see the altered version--thus perceiving properties of an object
that they had never seen before, after that object is already gone.
This phenomenon of 'perceptual reentry' yields new insights into
the relationship between visual memory and conscious awareness.},
keywords = {Attention, Awareness, Axilla, Biopsy, Breast Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Concept Formation, Consciousness, Cues, Discrimination (Psychology), Discrimination Learning, Distance Perception, Ductal, English Abstract, Extramural, False Negative Reactions, Female, Field Dependence-Independence, Fine-Needle, Humans, Intraductal, Lymph Node Excision, Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Metastasis, Memory, Motion Perception, N.I.H., Non-P.H.S., Noninfiltrating, Object Attachment, Optical Illusions, Orientation, P.H.S., Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, Problem Solving, Prognosis, Psychophysics, Reading, Reproducibility of Results, Research Support, Rotation, Semantics, Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy, Set (Psychology), Short-Term, Switzerland, U.S. Gov't, Unconscious (Psychology), Visual, Visual Perception, 15693670},
}Parietal cortex and attention. Behrmann, M, Geng, J J, & Shomstein, S Curr Opin Neurobiol, 14(2):212–217, 2004.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The parietal lobe forms about 20% of the human cerebral cortex and is divided into two major regions, the somatosensory cortex and the posterior parietal cortex. Posterior parietal cortex, located at the junction of multiple sensory regions, projects to several cortical and subcortical areas and is engaged in a host of cognitive operations. One such operation is selective attention, the process where by the input is filtered and a subset of the information is selected for preferential processing. Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies have provided a more fine-grained understanding of the relationship between brain and behavior in the domain of selective attention.
@article{behrmann_parietal_2004,
title = {Parietal cortex and attention},
volume = {14},
abstract = {The parietal lobe forms about 20\% of the human cerebral cortex and is divided into two major regions, the somatosensory cortex and the posterior parietal cortex. Posterior parietal cortex, located at the junction of multiple sensory regions, projects to several cortical and subcortical areas and is engaged in a host of cognitive operations. One such operation is selective attention, the process where by the input is filtered and a subset of the information is selected for preferential processing. Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies have provided a more fine-grained understanding of the relationship between brain and behavior in the domain of selective attention.},
number = {2},
journal = {Curr Opin Neurobiol},
author = {Behrmann, M and Geng, J J and Shomstein, S},
year = {2004},
pmid = {15082327},
keywords = {Attention/*physiology, Cues, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neural Pathways/anatomy \& histology/*physiology, Parietal Lobe/anatomy \& histology/*physiology, Perception/physiology, Perceptual Disorders/pathology/physiopathology, Psychomotor Performance/physiology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Sensation/physiology},
pages = {212--217},
}Toward an evolutionary perspective on conceptual representation: Species-specific calls activate visual and affective processing systems in the macaque. Gil-da-Costa, R., Braun, A., Lopes, M., Hauser, M. D, Carson, R. E, Herscovitch, P., & Martin, A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101(50):17516-21, 2004.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Non-human primates produce a diverse repertoire of species-specific calls and have rich conceptual systems. Some of their calls are designed to convey information about concepts such as predators, food, and social relationships, as well as the affective state of the caller. Little is known about the neural architecture of these calls, and much of what we do know is based on single-cell physiology from anesthetized subjects. By using positron emission tomography in awake rhesus macaques, we found that conspecific vocalizations elicited activity in higher-order visual areas, including regions in the temporal lobe associated with the visual perception of object form (TE/TEO) and motion (superior temporal sulcus) and storing visual object information into long-term memory (TE), as well as in limbic (the amygdala and hippocampus) and paralimbic regions (ventromedial prefrontal cortex) associated with the interpretation and memory-encoding of highly salient and affective material. This neural circuitry strongly corresponds to the network shown to support representation of conspecifics and affective information in humans. These findings shed light on the evolutionary precursors of conceptual representation in humans, suggesting that monkeys and humans have a common neural substrate for representing object concepts.
@Article{Gil-da-Costa2004,
author = {Ricardo Gil-da-Costa and Allen Braun and Marco Lopes and Marc D Hauser and Richard E Carson and Peter Herscovitch and Alex Martin},
journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
title = {Toward an evolutionary perspective on conceptual representation: {S}pecies-specific calls activate visual and affective processing systems in the macaque.},
year = {2004},
number = {50},
pages = {17516-21},
volume = {101},
abstract = {Non-human primates produce a diverse repertoire of species-specific
calls and have rich conceptual systems. Some of their calls are designed
to convey information about concepts such as predators, food, and
social relationships, as well as the affective state of the caller.
Little is known about the neural architecture of these calls, and
much of what we do know is based on single-cell physiology from anesthetized
subjects. By using positron emission tomography in awake rhesus macaques,
we found that conspecific vocalizations elicited activity in higher-order
visual areas, including regions in the temporal lobe associated with
the visual perception of object form (TE/TEO) and motion (superior
temporal sulcus) and storing visual object information into long-term
memory (TE), as well as in limbic (the amygdala and hippocampus)
and paralimbic regions (ventromedial prefrontal cortex) associated
with the interpretation and memory-encoding of highly salient and
affective material. This neural circuitry strongly corresponds to
the network shown to support representation of conspecifics and affective
information in humans. These findings shed light on the evolutionary
precursors of conceptual representation in humans, suggesting that
monkeys and humans have a common neural substrate for representing
object concepts.},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.0408077101},
keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation, Animals, Brain, Concept Formation, Electrophysiology, Evolution, Female, Macaca mulatta, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Positron-Emission Tomography, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Species Specificity, Visual Perception, Vocalization, Animal, 15583132},
}A rodent model for investigating the neurobiology of contralateral neglect. Reep, R., Corwin, J., Cheatwood, J., Van Vleet, T., Heilman, K., & Watson, R. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 17(4):191–194, 2004.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex BACKGROUND: Contralateral neglect is a common and disabling sequela of right hemisphere strokes. Neglect involves attentional and cognitive deficits, including distortions of contralateral spatial and personal awareness. There are no established successful therapies for neglect, and treatment is often complicated by anosognosia. The disturbances associated with neglect are debilitating to patients and their families, and presence of neglect is a strong predictor of poor prognosis for recovery. OBJECTIVE: The present report reviews findings from 20 years of research using a rat model of neglect. In the rat, 2 cortical areas that are linked by corticocortical connections have been identified as having a major role in neglect, and these correspond to frontal and parietal fields in primates. These 2 cortical areas also have convergent projections to the dorsocentral striatum, which has been implicated as a crucial subcortical component of the cortical-striatal-thalamic circuitry involved in directed attention and neglect. We discuss the role of the dorsocentral striatum in neglect and recovery and present evidence that induced axonal sprouting may promote functional recovery following cortical lesions that produce neglect. CONCLUSIONS: The rodent model of neglect captures some of the essential behavioral and anatomic features of neglect in humans. This model has helped reveal the pathophysiology of neglect, has suggested a crucial role of the striatum in recovery from neglect, and is being used to investigate potential therapeutic approaches.
@article{reep_rodent_2004,
title = {A rodent model for investigating the neurobiology of contralateral neglect},
volume = {17},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15622013},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Contralateral neglect is a common and disabling sequela of right hemisphere strokes. Neglect involves attentional and cognitive deficits, including distortions of contralateral spatial and personal awareness. There are no established successful therapies for neglect, and treatment is often complicated by anosognosia. The disturbances associated with neglect are debilitating to patients and their families, and presence of neglect is a strong predictor of poor prognosis for recovery. OBJECTIVE: The present report reviews findings from 20 years of research using a rat model of neglect. In the rat, 2 cortical areas that are linked by corticocortical connections have been identified as having a major role in neglect, and these correspond to frontal and parietal fields in primates. These 2 cortical areas also have convergent projections to the dorsocentral striatum, which has been implicated as a crucial subcortical component of the cortical-striatal-thalamic circuitry involved in directed attention and neglect. We discuss the role of the dorsocentral striatum in neglect and recovery and present evidence that induced axonal sprouting may promote functional recovery following cortical lesions that produce neglect. CONCLUSIONS: The rodent model of neglect captures some of the essential behavioral and anatomic features of neglect in humans. This model has helped reveal the pathophysiology of neglect, has suggested a crucial role of the striatum in recovery from neglect, and is being used to investigate potential therapeutic approaches.},
number = {4},
journal = {Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology},
author = {Reep, R.L. and Corwin, J.V. and Cheatwood, J.L. and Van Vleet, T.M. and Heilman, K.M. and Watson, R.T.},
year = {2004},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Disease Models, Animal, *Laterality, Agnosia/physiopathology, Animals, Brain Damage, Chronic/physiopathology, Frontal Lobe/*physiopathology, Neostriatum/physiopathology, Parietal Lobe/*physiopathology, Perceptual Disorders/*physiopathology, Rats, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., ⛔ No DOI found},
pages = {191--194},
}Illusory causal crescents: Misperceived spatial relations due to perceived causality. Scholl, B. J & Nakayama, K. Perception, 33(4):455-69, 2004.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
When an object A moves toward an object B until they are adjacent, at which point A stops and B starts moving, we often see a collision–ie we see A as the cause of B's motion. The spatiotemporal parameters which mediate the perception of causality have been explored in many studies, but this work is seldom related to other aspects of perception. Here we report a novel illusion, wherein the perception of causality affects the perceived spatial relations among two objects involved in a collision event: observers systematically underestimate the amount of overlap between two items in an event which is seen as a causal collision. This occurs even when the causal nature of the event is induced by a surrounding context, such that estimates of the amount of overlap in the very same event are much improved when the event is displayed in isolation, without a 'causal' interpretation. This illusion implies that the perception of causality does not proceed completely independently of other visual processes, but can affect the perception of other spatial properties.
@Article{Scholl2004,
author = {Brian J Scholl and Ken Nakayama},
journal = {Perception},
title = {Illusory causal crescents: {M}isperceived spatial relations due to perceived causality.},
year = {2004},
number = {4},
pages = {455-69},
volume = {33},
abstract = {When an object A moves toward an object B until they are adjacent,
at which point A stops and B starts moving, we often see a collision--ie
we see A as the cause of B's motion. The spatiotemporal parameters
which mediate the perception of causality have been explored in many
studies, but this work is seldom related to other aspects of perception.
Here we report a novel illusion, wherein the perception of causality
affects the perceived spatial relations among two objects involved
in a collision event: observers systematically underestimate the
amount of overlap between two items in an event which is seen as
a causal collision. This occurs even when the causal nature of the
event is induced by a surrounding context, such that estimates of
the amount of overlap in the very same event are much improved when
the event is displayed in isolation, without a 'causal' interpretation.
This illusion implies that the perception of causality does not proceed
completely independently of other visual processes, but can affect
the perception of other spatial properties.},
keywords = {Abscess, Adult, Age Factors, Animal, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antineoplastic Agents, Attention, Awareness, Axilla, Behavior, Biopsy, Breast Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Child Development, Combined Modality Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Concept Formation, Consciousness, Cues, Discrimination (Psychology), Discrimination Learning, Distance Perception, Drainage, Ductal, English Abstract, Extramural, Eye Movements, False Negative Reactions, Female, Field Dependence-Independence, Fine-Needle, Health Care, Humans, Infant, Infant Behavior, Intraductal, Judgment, Lymph Node Excision, Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Metastasis, Macaca mulatta, Male, Mastitis, Memory, Motion Perception, N.I.H., Neoadjuvant Therapy, Neoplasm Staging, Non-P.H.S., Non-U.S. Gov't, Noninfiltrating, Object Attachment, Optical Illusions, Orientation, P.H.S., Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, Practice (Psychology), Practice Guidelines, Predictive Value of Tests, Problem Solving, Prognosis, Psychological Theory, Psychophysics, Puerperal Disorders, Quality Assurance, Reading, Reproducibility of Results, Research Support, Rotation, Semantics, Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy, Set (Psychology), Short-Term, Space Perception, Surgery, Switzerland, Treatment Outcome, U.S. Gov't, Unconscious (Psychology), Visual, Visual Perception, 15222393},
}Clinical phenotype of families with longevity. Atzmon, G., Schechter, C., Greiner, W., Davidson, D., Rennert, G., & Barzilai, N. J Am Geriatr Soc, 52(2):274-277, 2004.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex OBJECTIVES: To determine whether offspring of centenarians acquired protection from age-related diseases. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: The study was part of the Longevity Genes Project at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. PARTICIPANTS: Centenarians (n=145), offspring of centenarians (n=180), and spouses of the offspring of centenarians (n=75) as a control group. Two additional groups served as controls: age-matched Ashkenazi Jews, and an age-matched control group from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported family history of longevity; prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart attacks, and strokes; and objective measurements of body mass index and fat mass. RESULTS: Parents of centenarians (born in approximately 1870) had a markedly greater ( approximately sevenfold) "risk" for longevity (reaching ages 90-99), supporting the notion that genetics contributed to longevity in these families. The offspring of long-lived parents had significantly lower prevalence of hypertension (by 23%), diabetes mellitus (by 50%), heart attacks (by 60%), and strokes (no events reported) than several age-matched control groups. CONCLUSION: Offspring of centenarians may inherit significantly better health. The authors suggest that a cohort of these subjects and their spouses is ideal to study the phenotype and genotype of longevity and its interaction with the environment.
@article{
title = {Clinical phenotype of families with longevity},
type = {article},
year = {2004},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Family Health,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Cardiovascular Diseases/*epidemiology/genetics,Case-Control Studies,Chronic Disease/*epidemiology,European Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & n,Female,Humans,Israel/epidemiology,Jews/statistics & numerical data,Longevity/*genetics,Male,Matched-Pair Analysis,Middle Aged,Prevalence,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Risk,Sex Factors,Statistics, Nonparametric,United States/epidemiology},
pages = {274-277},
volume = {52},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14728640},
id = {269afc28-8f71-3cb1-91c4-4f7293ce8166},
created = {2017-06-19T13:45:32.818Z},
file_attached = {true},
profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:45:32.918Z},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>0002-8614<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To determine whether offspring of centenarians acquired protection from age-related diseases. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: The study was part of the Longevity Genes Project at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. PARTICIPANTS: Centenarians (n=145), offspring of centenarians (n=180), and spouses of the offspring of centenarians (n=75) as a control group. Two additional groups served as controls: age-matched Ashkenazi Jews, and an age-matched control group from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported family history of longevity; prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart attacks, and strokes; and objective measurements of body mass index and fat mass. RESULTS: Parents of centenarians (born in approximately 1870) had a markedly greater ( approximately sevenfold) "risk" for longevity (reaching ages 90-99), supporting the notion that genetics contributed to longevity in these families. The offspring of long-lived parents had significantly lower prevalence of hypertension (by 23%), diabetes mellitus (by 50%), heart attacks (by 60%), and strokes (no events reported) than several age-matched control groups. CONCLUSION: Offspring of centenarians may inherit significantly better health. The authors suggest that a cohort of these subjects and their spouses is ideal to study the phenotype and genotype of longevity and its interaction with the environment.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Atzmon, G and Schechter, C and Greiner, W and Davidson, D and Rennert, G and Barzilai, N},
journal = {J Am Geriatr Soc},
number = {2}
}A common parieto-frontal network is recruited under both low visibility and high perceptual interference conditions. Marois, R, Chun, M M, & Gore, J C J Neurophysiol, 92(5):2985–2992, 2004.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex A fundamental property of visual attention is to select targets from interfering distractors. However, attention can also facilitate the detectability of near-threshold items presented in isolation. The extent to which these two perceptually challenging conditions are resolved by the same neural mechanisms is not well known. In the present event-related fMRI experiment, subjects performed a letter identification task under two perceptually challenging conditions; when the luminance contrast of a target letter was reduced (perceptual visibility manipulation) and when the target letter was flanked by distractors (perceptual interference manipulation). Perceptual interference recruited the right parietal and mid-lateral frontal cortex, while perceptual visibility activated these regions bilaterally. The overlap of activated areas between the two perceptual manipulations suggests that a single parieto-frontal network is summoned under both perceptual visibility and interference conditions.
@article{marois_common_2004,
title = {A common parieto-frontal network is recruited under both low visibility and high perceptual interference conditions},
volume = {92},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15486425},
abstract = {A fundamental property of visual attention is to select targets from interfering distractors. However, attention can also facilitate the detectability of near-threshold items presented in isolation. The extent to which these two perceptually challenging conditions are resolved by the same neural mechanisms is not well known. In the present event-related fMRI experiment, subjects performed a letter identification task under two perceptually challenging conditions; when the luminance contrast of a target letter was reduced (perceptual visibility manipulation) and when the target letter was flanked by distractors (perceptual interference manipulation). Perceptual interference recruited the right parietal and mid-lateral frontal cortex, while perceptual visibility activated these regions bilaterally. The overlap of activated areas between the two perceptual manipulations suggests that a single parieto-frontal network is summoned under both perceptual visibility and interference conditions.},
number = {5},
journal = {J Neurophysiol},
author = {Marois, R and Chun, M M and Gore, J C},
year = {2004},
pmid = {15486425},
keywords = {Attention/*physiology, Brain Mapping/*methods, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nerve Net/physiology, Parietal Lobe/physiology, Perception, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Pathways/*physiology, Visual Perception/*physiology},
pages = {2985--2992},
}2003 (8)
Selective gating of visual signals by microstimulation of frontal cortex. Moore, T. & Armstrong, K. M Nature, 421(6921):370–373, 2003. Place: England ISBN: 0028-0836
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Several decades of psychophysical and neurophysiological studies have established that visual signals are enhanced at the locus of attention. What remains a mystery is the mechanism that initiates biases in the strength of visual representations. Recent evidence argues that, during spatial attention, these biases reflect nascent saccadic eye movement commands. We examined the functional interaction of saccade preparation and visual coding by electrically stimulating sites within the frontal eye fields (FEF) and measuring its effect on the activity of neurons in extrastriate visual cortex. Here we show that visual responses in area V4 could be enhanced after brief stimulation of retinotopically corresponding sites within the FEF using currents below that needed to evoke saccades. The magnitude of the enhancement depended on the effectiveness of receptive field stimuli as well as on the presence of competing stimuli outside the receptive field. Stimulation of non-corresponding FEF representations could suppress V4 responses. The results suggest that the gain of visual signals is modified according to the strength of spatially corresponding eye movement commands.
@article{moore_selective_2003,
title = {Selective gating of visual signals by microstimulation of frontal cortex.},
volume = {421},
doi = {10.1038/nature01341},
abstract = {Several decades of psychophysical and neurophysiological studies have established that visual signals are enhanced at the locus of attention. What remains a mystery is the mechanism that initiates biases in the strength of visual representations. Recent evidence argues that, during spatial attention, these biases reflect nascent saccadic eye movement commands. We examined the functional interaction of saccade preparation and visual coding by electrically stimulating sites within the frontal eye fields (FEF) and measuring its effect on the activity of neurons in extrastriate visual cortex. Here we show that visual responses in area V4 could be enhanced after brief stimulation of retinotopically corresponding sites within the FEF using currents below that needed to evoke saccades. The magnitude of the enhancement depended on the effectiveness of receptive field stimuli as well as on the presence of competing stimuli outside the receptive field. Stimulation of non-corresponding FEF representations could suppress V4 responses. The results suggest that the gain of visual signals is modified according to the strength of spatially corresponding eye movement commands.},
language = {eng},
number = {6921},
journal = {Nature},
author = {Moore, Tirin and Armstrong, Katherine M},
year = {2003},
pmid = {12540901},
note = {Place: England
ISBN: 0028-0836},
keywords = {Analysis of Variance, Animals, Fixation, Ocular, Frontal Lobe, Haplorhini, MicroValence, Neurons, Photic Stimulation, Saccades, Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {370--373},
}Functional brain imaging using a blood oxygenation sensitive steady state. Miller, K. L, Hargreaves, B. A, Lee, J., Ress, D., deCharms , R C., & Pauly, J. M Magn Reson Med, 50(4):675–683, 2003. Place: United States ISBN: 0740-3194
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) is an important method for functional neuroimaging that is sensitive to changes in blood oxygenation related to brain activation. While BOLD imaging has good spatial coverage and resolution relative to other neuroimaging methods (such as positron emission tomography (PET)), it has significant limitations relative to other MRI techniques, including poor spatial resolution, low signal levels, limited contrast, and image artifacts. These limitations derive from the coupling of BOLD functional contrast to sources of image degradation. This work presents an alternative method for fMRI that may over-come these limitations by establishing a blood oxygenation sensitive steady-state (BOSS) that inverts the signal from deoxygenated blood relative to the water signal. BOSS fMRI allows the imaging parameters to be optimized independently of the functional contrast, resulting in fewer image artifacts and higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In addition, BOSS fMRI has greater functional contrast than BOLD. BOSS fMRI requires careful shimming and multiple acquisitions to obtain a precise alignment of the magnetization to the SSFP frequency response.
@article{miller_functional_2003,
title = {Functional brain imaging using a blood oxygenation sensitive steady state.},
volume = {50},
doi = {10.1002/mrm.10602},
abstract = {Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) is an important method for functional neuroimaging that is sensitive to changes in blood oxygenation related to brain activation. While BOLD imaging has good spatial coverage and resolution relative to other neuroimaging methods (such as positron emission tomography (PET)), it has significant limitations relative to other MRI techniques, including poor spatial resolution, low signal levels, limited contrast, and image artifacts. These limitations derive from the coupling of BOLD functional contrast to sources of image degradation. This work presents an alternative method for fMRI that may over-come these limitations by establishing a blood oxygenation sensitive steady-state (BOSS) that inverts the signal from deoxygenated blood relative to the water signal. BOSS fMRI allows the imaging parameters to be optimized independently of the functional contrast, resulting in fewer image artifacts and higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In addition, BOSS fMRI has greater functional contrast than BOLD. BOSS fMRI requires careful shimming and multiple acquisitions to obtain a precise alignment of the magnetization to the SSFP frequency response.},
language = {eng},
number = {4},
journal = {Magn Reson Med},
author = {Miller, Karla L and Hargreaves, Brian A and Lee, Jongho and Ress, David and deCharms, R Christopher and Pauly, John M},
year = {2003},
pmid = {14523951},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 0740-3194},
keywords = {Artifacts, Brain, Hemoglobins, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Oxygen, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {675--683},
}Activity-dependent presynaptic facilitation and hebbian LTP are both required and interact during classical conditioning in Aplysia. Antonov, I., Antonova, I., Kandel, E. R, & Hawkins, R. D Neuron, 37(1):135-47, 2003.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Using a simplified preparation of the Aplysia siphon-withdrawal reflex, we previously found that associative plasticity at synapses between sensory neurons and motor neurons contributes importantly to classical conditioning of the reflex. We have now tested the roles in that plasticity of two associative cellular mechanisms: activity-dependent enhancement of presynaptic facilitation and postsynaptically induced long-term potentiation. By perturbing molecular signaling pathways in individual neurons, we have provided the most direct evidence to date that each of these mechanisms contributes to behavioral learning. In addition, our results suggest that the two mechanisms are not independent but rather interact through retrograde signaling.
@Article{Antonov2003,
author = {Igor Antonov and Irina Antonova and Eric R Kandel and Robert D Hawkins},
journal = {Neuron},
title = {Activity-dependent presynaptic facilitation and hebbian {LTP} are both required and interact during classical conditioning in {A}plysia.},
year = {2003},
number = {1},
pages = {135-47},
volume = {37},
abstract = {Using a simplified preparation of the Aplysia siphon-withdrawal reflex,
we previously found that associative plasticity at synapses between
sensory neurons and motor neurons contributes importantly to classical
conditioning of the reflex. We have now tested the roles in that
plasticity of two associative cellular mechanisms: activity-dependent
enhancement of presynaptic facilitation and postsynaptically induced
long-term potentiation. By perturbing molecular signaling pathways
in individual neurons, we have provided the most direct evidence
to date that each of these mechanisms contributes to behavioral learning.
In addition, our results suggest that the two mechanisms are not
independent but rather interact through retrograde signaling.},
keywords = {Amygdala, Animals, Evaluation Studies, Hippocampus, Human, Learning, Long-Term Potentiation, Memory, Models, Neurological, Neural Pathways, Neuronal Plasticity, Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Synapses, 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate, Electric Stimulation, Isomerism, Rats, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Neurotransmitter, Valine, Visual Perception, Action Potentials, Calcium Signaling, Central Nervous System, Chelating Agents, Conditioning (Psychology), Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, Enzyme Inhibitors, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Motor Neurons, Neurons, Afferent, Reaction Time, Reflex, Signal Transduction, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Synaptic Transmission, 12526779},
}Form-from-motion: MEG evidence for time course and processing sequence. Schoenfeld, M A, Woldorff, M, Düzel, E, Scheich, H, Heinze, H., & Mangun, G R J Cogn Neurosci, 15(2):157–172, 2003. Place: United States ISBN: 0898-929X
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
The neural mechanisms and role of attention in the processing of visual form defined by luminance or motion cues were studied using magnetoencephalography. Subjects viewed bilateral stimuli composed of moving random dots and were instructed to covertly attend to either left or right hemifield stimuli in order to detect designated target stimuli that required a response. To generate form-from-motion (FFMo) stimuli, a subset of the dots could begin to move coherently to create the appearance of a simple form (e.g., square). In other blocks, to generate form-from-luminance (FFLu) stimuli that served as a control, a gray stimulus was presented superimposed on the randomly moving dots. Neuromagnetic responses were observed to both the FFLu and FFMo stimuli and localized to multiple visual cortical stages of analysis. Early activity in low-level visual cortical areas (striate/early extrastriate) did not differ for FFLu versus FFMo stimuli, nor as a function of spatial attention. Longer latency responses elicited by the FFLu stimuli were localized to the ventral-lateral occipital cortex (LO) and the inferior temporal cortex (IT). The FFMo stimuli also generated activity in the LO and IT, but only after first eliciting activity in the lateral occipital cortical region corresponding to MT/V5, resulting in a 50-60 msec delay in activity. All of these late responses (MT/V5, LO, and IT) were significantly modulated by spatial attention, being greatly attenuated for ignored FFLu and FFMo stimuli. These findings argue that processing of form in IT that is defined by motion requires a serial processing of information, first in the motion analysis pathway from V1 to MT/V5 and thereafter via the form analysis stream in the ventral visual pathway to IT.
@article{schoenfeld_form--motion:_2003,
title = {Form-from-motion: {MEG} evidence for time course and processing sequence.},
volume = {15},
doi = {10.1162/089892903321208105},
abstract = {The neural mechanisms and role of attention in the processing of visual form defined by luminance or motion cues were studied using magnetoencephalography. Subjects viewed bilateral stimuli composed of moving random dots and were instructed to covertly attend to either left or right hemifield stimuli in order to detect designated target stimuli that required a response. To generate form-from-motion (FFMo) stimuli, a subset of the dots could begin to move coherently to create the appearance of a simple form (e.g., square). In other blocks, to generate form-from-luminance (FFLu) stimuli that served as a control, a gray stimulus was presented superimposed on the randomly moving dots. Neuromagnetic responses were observed to both the FFLu and FFMo stimuli and localized to multiple visual cortical stages of analysis. Early activity in low-level visual cortical areas (striate/early extrastriate) did not differ for FFLu versus FFMo stimuli, nor as a function of spatial attention. Longer latency responses elicited by the FFLu stimuli were localized to the ventral-lateral occipital cortex (LO) and the inferior temporal cortex (IT). The FFMo stimuli also generated activity in the LO and IT, but only after first eliciting activity in the lateral occipital cortical region corresponding to MT/V5, resulting in a 50-60 msec delay in activity. All of these late responses (MT/V5, LO, and IT) were significantly modulated by spatial attention, being greatly attenuated for ignored FFLu and FFMo stimuli. These findings argue that processing of form in IT that is defined by motion requires a serial processing of information, first in the motion analysis pathway from V1 to MT/V5 and thereafter via the form analysis stream in the ventral visual pathway to IT.},
language = {eng},
number = {2},
journal = {J Cogn Neurosci},
author = {Schoenfeld, M A and Woldorff, M and Düzel, E and Scheich, H and Heinze, H-J and Mangun, G R},
year = {2003},
pmid = {12676054},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 0898-929X},
keywords = {Attention, Brain Mapping, Electrophysiology, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Humans, Light, Magnetoencephalography, Models, Neurological, Motion Perception, Occipital Lobe, Reaction Time, Signal Detection (Psychology), Space Perception, Temporal Lobe, Visual Pathways, Visual Perception, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {157--172},
}Signalers and receivers in animal communication. Seyfarth, R. M & Cheney, D. L Annu Rev Psychol, 54:145-73, 2003.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
In animal communication natural selection favors callers who vocalize to affect the behavior of listeners and listeners who acquire information from vocalizations, using this information to represent their environment. The acquisition of information in the wild is similar to the learning that occurs in laboratory conditioning experiments. It also has some parallels with language. The dichotomous view that animal signals must be either referential or emotional is false, because they can easily be both: The mechanisms that cause a signaler to vocalize do not limit a listener's ability to extract information from the call. The inability of most animals to recognize the mental states of others distinguishes animal communication most clearly from human language. Whereas signalers may vocalize to change a listener's behavior, they do not call to inform others. Listeners acquire information from signalers who do not, in the human sense, intend to provide it.
@Article{Seyfarth2003,
author = {Robert M Seyfarth and Dorothy L Cheney},
journal = {Annu Rev Psychol},
title = {Signalers and receivers in animal communication.},
year = {2003},
pages = {145-73},
volume = {54},
abstract = {In animal communication natural selection favors callers who vocalize
to affect the behavior of listeners and listeners who acquire information
from vocalizations, using this information to represent their environment.
The acquisition of information in the wild is similar to the learning
that occurs in laboratory conditioning experiments. It also has some
parallels with language. The dichotomous view that animal signals
must be either referential or emotional is false, because they can
easily be both: The mechanisms that cause a signaler to vocalize
do not limit a listener's ability to extract information from the
call. The inability of most animals to recognize the mental states
of others distinguishes animal communication most clearly from human
language. Whereas signalers may vocalize to change a listener's behavior,
they do not call to inform others. Listeners acquire information
from signalers who do not, in the human sense, intend to provide
it.},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145121},
keywords = {Animals, Wild, Botswana, Cognition, Family, Female, Hierarchy, Social, Language, Papio, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Social Dominance, Vocalization, Animal, Analysis of Variance, Appetitive Behavior, Attention, Birds, Discrimination (Psychology), Learning, Non-P.H.S., Social Behavior, Social Facilitation, Transfer (Psychology), Male, Pair Bond, Primates, Social Perception, Acoustic Stimulation, Acoustics, Auditory Perception, Brain, Cues, Discrimination Learning, Songbirds, Animal Migration, Biological Clocks, Calibration, Flight, Geography, Magnetics, Orientation, Solar System, Environment, Grooming, Kenya, Reproduction, Social Support, Survival Rate, Judgment, Macaca mulatta, Videotape Recording, Visual Perception, Comparative Study, Evolution, Fishes, Intelligence, Behavior, Feeding Behavior, Mathematics, Random Allocation, Spatial Behavior, Animal Communication, Cercopithecidae, Fear, Predatory Behavior, Altruism, Cercopithecus, Cercopithecus aethiops, Awareness, Concept Formation, Dominance-Subordination, Social Environment, Affect, Arousal, Motivation, Species Specificity, 12359915},
}Stereopsis activates V3A and caudal intraparietal areas in macaques and humans. Tsao, D. Y, Vanduffel, W., Sasaki, Y., Fize, D., Knutsen, T. A, Mandeville, J. B, Wald, L. L, Dale, A. M, Rosen, B. R, Van Essen, D. C, Livingstone, M. S, Orban, G. A, & Tootell, R. B H Neuron, 39(3):555–568, 2003. Place: United States ISBN: 0896-6273
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Stereopsis, the perception of depth from small differences between the images in the two eyes, provides a rich model for investigating the cortical construction of surfaces and space. Although disparity-tuned cells have been found in a large number of areas in macaque visual cortex, stereoscopic processing in these areas has never been systematically compared using the same stimuli and analysis methods. In order to examine the global architecture of stereoscopic processing in primate visual cortex, we studied fMRI activity in alert, fixating human and macaque subjects. In macaques, we found strongest activation to near/far compared to zero disparity in areas V3, V3A, and CIPS. In humans, we found strongest activation to the same stimuli in areas V3A, V7, the V4d topolog (V4d-topo), and a caudal parietal disparity region (CPDR). Thus, in both primate species a small cluster of areas at the parieto-occipital junction appears to be specialized for stereopsis.
@article{tsao_stereopsis_2003,
title = {Stereopsis activates {V3A} and caudal intraparietal areas in macaques and humans.},
volume = {39},
abstract = {Stereopsis, the perception of depth from small differences between the images in the two eyes, provides a rich model for investigating the cortical construction of surfaces and space. Although disparity-tuned cells have been found in a large number of areas in macaque visual cortex, stereoscopic processing in these areas has never been systematically compared using the same stimuli and analysis methods. In order to examine the global architecture of stereoscopic processing in primate visual cortex, we studied fMRI activity in alert, fixating human and macaque subjects. In macaques, we found strongest activation to near/far compared to zero disparity in areas V3, V3A, and CIPS. In humans, we found strongest activation to the same stimuli in areas V3A, V7, the V4d topolog (V4d-topo), and a caudal parietal disparity region (CPDR). Thus, in both primate species a small cluster of areas at the parieto-occipital junction appears to be specialized for stereopsis.},
language = {eng},
number = {3},
journal = {Neuron},
author = {Tsao, Doris Y and Vanduffel, Wim and Sasaki, Yuka and Fize, Denis and Knutsen, Tamara A and Mandeville, Joseph B and Wald, Lawrence L and Dale, Anders M and Rosen, Bruce R and Van Essen, David C and Livingstone, Margaret S and Orban, Guy A and Tootell, Roger B H},
year = {2003},
pmid = {12895427},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 0896-6273},
keywords = {Animals, Brain Mapping, Depth Perception, Humans, Macaca, Male, Parietal Lobe, Photic Stimulation, Visual Cortex, comparative study, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {555--568},
}Neuroimaging studies of attention: from modulation of sensory processing to top-down control. Pessoa, L., Kastner, S., & Ungerleider, L. J Neurosci, 23(10):3990–8, 2003.
Paper doi bibtex
Paper doi bibtex @article{pessoa_neuroimaging_2003,
title = {Neuroimaging studies of attention: from modulation of sensory processing to top-down control},
volume = {23},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12764083},
doi = {10/ggks2r},
number = {10},
journal = {J Neurosci},
author = {Pessoa, L. and Kastner, S. and Ungerleider, L.G.},
year = {2003},
keywords = {\#nosource, Animals, Attention/*physiology, Comparative Study, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods, Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology, Neurons, Afferent/*physiology/radionuclide imaging, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Tomography, Emission-Computed/*methods, Visual Cortex/physiology/radionuclide imaging},
pages = {3990--8},
}Attentive tracking of objects versus substances. VanMarle, K. & Scholl, B. J Psychol Sci, 14(5):498-504, 2003.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Recent research in vision science, infant cognition, and word learning suggests a special role for the processing of discrete objects. But what counts as an object? Answers to this question often depend on contrasting object-based processing with the processing of spatial areas or unbound visual features. In infant cognition and word learning, though, another salient contrast has been between rigid cohesive objects and nonsolid substances. Whereas objects may move from one location to another, a nonsolid substance must pour from one location to another. In the study reported here, we explored whether attentive tracking processes are sensitive to dynamic information of this type. Using a multiple-object tracking task, we found that subjects could easily track four items in a display of eight identical unpredictably moving entities that moved as discrete objects from one location to another, but could not track similar entities that noncohesively "poured" from one location to another-even when the items in both conditions followed the same trajectories at the same speeds. Other conditions revealed that this inability to track multiple "substances" stemmed not from violations of rigidity or cohesiveness per se, because subjects were able to track multiple noncohesive collections and multiple nonrigid deforming objects. Rather, the impairment was due to the dynamic extension and contraction during the substancelike motion, which rendered the location of the entity ambiguous. These results demonstrate a convergence between processes of midlevel adult vision and infant cognition, and in general help to clarify what can count as a persisting dynamic object of attention.
@Article{VanMarle2003,
author = {Kristy VanMarle and Brian J Scholl},
journal = {Psychol Sci},
title = {Attentive tracking of objects versus substances.},
year = {2003},
number = {5},
pages = {498-504},
volume = {14},
abstract = {Recent research in vision science, infant cognition, and word learning
suggests a special role for the processing of discrete objects. But
what counts as an object? Answers to this question often depend on
contrasting object-based processing with the processing of spatial
areas or unbound visual features. In infant cognition and word learning,
though, another salient contrast has been between rigid cohesive
objects and nonsolid substances. Whereas objects may move from one
location to another, a nonsolid substance must pour from one location
to another. In the study reported here, we explored whether attentive
tracking processes are sensitive to dynamic information of this type.
Using a multiple-object tracking task, we found that subjects could
easily track four items in a display of eight identical unpredictably
moving entities that moved as discrete objects from one location
to another, but could not track similar entities that noncohesively
"poured" from one location to another-even when the items in both
conditions followed the same trajectories at the same speeds. Other
conditions revealed that this inability to track multiple "substances"
stemmed not from violations of rigidity or cohesiveness per se, because
subjects were able to track multiple noncohesive collections and
multiple nonrigid deforming objects. Rather, the impairment was due
to the dynamic extension and contraction during the substancelike
motion, which rendered the location of the entity ambiguous. These
results demonstrate a convergence between processes of midlevel adult
vision and infant cognition, and in general help to clarify what
can count as a persisting dynamic object of attention.},
keywords = {Abscess, Adult, Age Factors, Animal, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antimony Sodium Gluconate, Antineoplastic Agents, Antiviral Agents, Attention, Awareness, Axilla, Behavior, Biopsy, Bone and Bones, Breast Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Child Development, Chronic Disease, Clarithromycin, Cognition, Combined Modality Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Concept Formation, Consciousness, Cross Infection, Cues, Cytomegalovirus Infections, Discrimination (Psychology), Discrimination Learning, Distance Perception, Drainage, Ductal, Electrocoagulation, English Abstract, Extramural, Eye Movements, False Negative Reactions, Female, Field Dependence-Independence, Fine-Needle, Foscarnet, Ganciclovir, Health Care, Humans, Infant, Infant Behavior, Intervertebral Disk, Intraductal, Judgment, Legionnaires' Disease, Leishmaniasis, Liver Transplantation, Low Back Pain, Lumbar Vertebrae, Lymph Node Excision, Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Metastasis, Macaca mulatta, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Mastitis, Memory, Middle Aged, Motion Perception, N.I.H., Neoadjuvant Therapy, Neoplasm Staging, Non-P.H.S., Non-U.S. Gov't, Noninfiltrating, Object Attachment, Optical Illusions, Orientation, Osteonecrosis, P.H.S., Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, Postoperative Complications, Practice (Psychology), Practice Guidelines, Predictive Value of Tests, Problem Solving, Prognosis, Psychological Theory, Psychophysics, Puerperal Disorders, Quality Assurance, Reading, Reproducibility of Results, Research Support, Rotation, Schistosomicides, Semantics, Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy, Set (Psychology), Short-Term, Space Perception, Surgery, Switzerland, Treatment Outcome, U.S. Gov't, Unconscious (Psychology), Viral Load, Visceral, Visual, Visual Perception, 12930483},
}2002 (13)
Mental imagery: in search of a theory. Pylyshyn, Z. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(2):157–182; discussion 182–237, 2002.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex It is generally accepted that there is something special about reasoning by using mental images. The question of how it is special, however, has never been satisfactorily spelled out, despite more than thirty years of research in the post-behaviorist tradition. This article considers some of the general motivation for the assumption that entertaining mental images involves inspecting a picture-like object. It sets out a distinction between phenomena attributable to the nature of mind to what is called the cognitive architecture, and ones that are attributable to tacit knowledge used to simulate what would happen in a visual situation. With this distinction in mind, the paper then considers in detail the widely held assumption that in some important sense images are spatially displayed or are depictive, and that examining images uses the same mechanisms that are deployed in visual perception. I argue that the assumption of the spatial or depictive nature of images is only explanatory if taken literally, as a claim about how images are physically instantiated in the brain, and that the literal view fails for a number of empirical reasons–for example, because of the cognitive penetrability of the phenomena cited in its favor. Similarly, while it is arguably the case that imagery and vision involve some of the same mechanisms, this tells us very little about the nature of mental imagery and does not support claims about the pictorial nature of mental images. Finally, I consider whether recent neuroscience evidence clarifies the debate over the nature of mental images. I claim that when such questions as whether images are depictive or spatial are formulated more clearly, the evidence does not provide support for the picture-theory over a symbol-structure theory of mental imagery. Even if all the empirical claims were true, they do not warrant the conclusion that many people have drawn from them: that mental images are depictive or are displayed in some (possibly cortical) space. Such a conclusion is incompatible with what is known about how images function in thought. We are then left with the provisional counterintuitive conclusion that the available evidence does not support rejection of what I call the "null hypothesis"; namely, that reasoning with mental images involves the same form of representation and the same processes as that of reasoning in general, except that the content or subject matter of thoughts experienced as images includes information about how things would look.
@article{pylyshyn_mental_2002,
title = {Mental imagery: in search of a theory},
volume = {25},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12744144},
doi = {10/dsk54w},
abstract = {It is generally accepted that there is something special about reasoning by using mental images. The question of how it is special, however, has never been satisfactorily spelled out, despite more than thirty years of research in the post-behaviorist tradition. This article considers some of the general motivation for the assumption that entertaining mental images involves inspecting a picture-like object. It sets out a distinction between phenomena attributable to the nature of mind to what is called the cognitive architecture, and ones that are attributable to tacit knowledge used to simulate what would happen in a visual situation. With this distinction in mind, the paper then considers in detail the widely held assumption that in some important sense images are spatially displayed or are depictive, and that examining images uses the same mechanisms that are deployed in visual perception. I argue that the assumption of the spatial or depictive nature of images is only explanatory if taken literally, as a claim about how images are physically instantiated in the brain, and that the literal view fails for a number of empirical reasons--for example, because of the cognitive penetrability of the phenomena cited in its favor. Similarly, while it is arguably the case that imagery and vision involve some of the same mechanisms, this tells us very little about the nature of mental imagery and does not support claims about the pictorial nature of mental images. Finally, I consider whether recent neuroscience evidence clarifies the debate over the nature of mental images. I claim that when such questions as whether images are depictive or spatial are formulated more clearly, the evidence does not provide support for the picture-theory over a symbol-structure theory of mental imagery. Even if all the empirical claims were true, they do not warrant the conclusion that many people have drawn from them: that mental images are depictive or are displayed in some (possibly cortical) space. Such a conclusion is incompatible with what is known about how images function in thought. We are then left with the provisional counterintuitive conclusion that the available evidence does not support rejection of what I call the "null hypothesis"; namely, that reasoning with mental images involves the same form of representation and the same processes as that of reasoning in general, except that the content or subject matter of thoughts experienced as images includes information about how things would look.},
number = {2},
journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
author = {Pylyshyn, Z.W.},
year = {2002},
keywords = {*Psychological Theory, Awareness/physiology, Cerebral Cortex/physiology, Concept Formation/physiology, Human, Imagination/*physiology, Pattern Recognition, Visual/*physiology, Reproducibility of Results, Space Perception/*physiology, Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Thinking/*physiology, Visual Pathways/physiology},
pages = {157--182; discussion 182--237},
}Direct cortical control of 3D neuroprosthetic devices. Taylor, D. M, Tillery, S. I H., & Schwartz, A. B Science, 296(5574):1829-32, 2002.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Three-dimensional (3D) movement of neuroprosthetic devices can be controlled by the activity of cortical neurons when appropriate algorithms are used to decode intended movement in real time. Previous studies assumed that neurons maintain fixed tuning properties, and the studies used subjects who were unaware of the movements predicted by their recorded units. In this study, subjects had real-time visual feedback of their brain-controlled trajectories. Cell tuning properties changed when used for brain-controlled movements. By using control algorithms that track these changes, subjects made long sequences of 3D movements using far fewer cortical units than expected. Daily practice improved movement accuracy and the directional tuning of these units.
@Article{Taylor2002,
author = {Dawn M Taylor and Stephen I Helms Tillery and Andrew B Schwartz},
journal = {Science},
title = {Direct cortical control of 3{D} neuroprosthetic devices.},
year = {2002},
number = {5574},
pages = {1829-32},
volume = {296},
abstract = {Three-dimensional (3D) movement of neuroprosthetic devices can be
controlled by the activity of cortical neurons when appropriate algorithms
are used to decode intended movement in real time. Previous studies
assumed that neurons maintain fixed tuning properties, and the studies
used subjects who were unaware of the movements predicted by their
recorded units. In this study, subjects had real-time visual feedback
of their brain-controlled trajectories. Cell tuning properties changed
when used for brain-controlled movements. By using control algorithms
that track these changes, subjects made long sequences of 3D movements
using far fewer cortical units than expected. Daily practice improved
movement accuracy and the directional tuning of these units.},
doi = {10.1126/science.1070291},
keywords = {Algorithms, Animals, Arm, Computer Simulation, Hand, Humans, Learning, Macaca mulatta, Motor Cortex, Motor Neurons, Movement, Non-U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Prostheses and Implants, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, User-Computer Interface, Visual Perception, 12052943},
}Building an Asynchronous Web-Based Tool for Machine Learning Classification. Weber, G., Vinterbo, S., & Ohno-Machado, L. JAMIA, Suppl. S:869–73, 2002.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Various unsupervised and supervised learning methods including support vector machines, classification trees, linear discriminant analysis and nearest neighbor classifiers have been used to classify high-throughput gene expression data. Simpler and more widely accepted statistical tools have not yet been used for this purpose, hence proper comparisons between classification methods have not been conducted. We developed free software that implements logistic regression with stepwise variable selection as a quick and simple method for initial exploration of important genetic markers in disease classification. To implement the algorithm and allow our collaborators in remote locations to evaluate and compare its results against those of other methods, we developed a user-friendly asynchronous web-based application with a minimal amount of programming using free, downloadable software tools. With this program, we show that classification using logistic regression can perform as well as other more sophisticated algorithms, and it has the advantages of being easy to interpret and reproduce. By making the tool freely and easily available, we hope to promote the comparison of classification methods. In addition, we believe our web application can be used as a model for other bioinformatics laboratories that need to develop web-based analysis tools in a short amount of time and on a limited budget.
@article{Weber2002,
title = {Building an Asynchronous Web-Based Tool for Machine Learning Classification.},
author = {Weber, Griffin and Vinterbo, Staal and {Ohno-Machado}, Lucila},
year = {2002},
journal = {JAMIA},
volume = {Suppl. S},
pages = {869--73},
abstract = {Various unsupervised and supervised learning methods including support vector machines, classification trees, linear discriminant analysis and nearest neighbor classifiers have been used to classify high-throughput gene expression data. Simpler and more widely accepted statistical tools have not yet been used for this purpose, hence proper comparisons between classification methods have not been conducted. We developed free software that implements logistic regression with stepwise variable selection as a quick and simple method for initial exploration of important genetic markers in disease classification. To implement the algorithm and allow our collaborators in remote locations to evaluate and compare its results against those of other methods, we developed a user-friendly asynchronous web-based application with a minimal amount of programming using free, downloadable software tools. With this program, we show that classification using logistic regression can perform as well as other more sophisticated algorithms, and it has the advantages of being easy to interpret and reproduce. By making the tool freely and easily available, we hope to promote the comparison of classification methods. In addition, we believe our web application can be used as a model for other bioinformatics laboratories that need to develop web-based analysis tools in a short amount of time and on a limited budget.},
copyright = {All rights reserved},
pii = {D020001919},
pubmedid = {12463949},
keywords = {12463949,Algorithms,Anonymous Testing,Artificial Intelligence,Carcinoma,Child,Comparative Study,Computerized,Confidentiality,Databases,Diagnosis,Differential,Disclosure,DNA,Gene Expression,Gene Expression Profiling,Gene Expression Regulation,Genetic Markers,Humans,Internet,Logistic Models,Lung Neoplasms,Medical Records Systems,Multivariate Analysis,Neoplasm,Neoplasms,Neoplastic,Neural Networks (Computer),Non-U.S. Gov't,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis,P.H.S.,Privacy,Research Support,Rhabdomyosarcoma,Sarcoma,Small Cell,Software,U.S. Gov't},
file = {/Users/staal/Documents/Zotero/storage/26TPF5RW/amia02-weber.pdf;/Users/staal/Documents/Zotero/storage/FRPABBPG/amia02-weber.pdf;/Users/staal/Documents/Zotero/storage/GME7HZA7/amia02-weber.pdf}
}Linkage disequilibrium and the mapping of complex human traits. Weiss, K., M. & Clark, A., G. Trends Genet, 18(1):19-24, 2002.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex The potential value of haplotypes defined by several single nucleotide polymorphisms has attracted recent interest. With sufficient linkage disequilibrium (LD), haplotypes could be used in association studies to map common alleles that might influence the susceptibility to common diseases, as well as for reconstructing the evolution of the genome. It has been proposed that a globally useful resource need only be based on high frequency variants, identified from a few modest samples. Rapid progress has been made in quantifying the pattern of human LD and haplotypes defined by such common variants within and among populations. However, the quality and utility of the proposed LD-based resource could be seriously compromised if important sampling and analytical factors are overlooked in its design. The LD map should be based on adequately justified criteria defined by sound population genetic principles.
@article{
title = {Linkage disequilibrium and the mapping of complex human traits},
type = {article},
year = {2002},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Linkage Disequilibrium,Chromosome Mapping,Genetics, Population,Genome, Human,Haplotypes,Human,Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
pages = {19-24},
volume = {18},
id = {7d822191-046f-3d40-ba67-325d8361f589},
created = {2017-06-19T13:45:30.585Z},
file_attached = {true},
profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:45:30.763Z},
tags = {03/07/22},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {The potential value of haplotypes defined by several single nucleotide polymorphisms has attracted recent interest. With sufficient linkage disequilibrium (LD), haplotypes could be used in association studies to map common alleles that might influence the susceptibility to common diseases, as well as for reconstructing the evolution of the genome. It has been proposed that a globally useful resource need only be based on high frequency variants, identified from a few modest samples. Rapid progress has been made in quantifying the pattern of human LD and haplotypes defined by such common variants within and among populations. However, the quality and utility of the proposed LD-based resource could be seriously compromised if important sampling and analytical factors are overlooked in its design. The LD map should be based on adequately justified criteria defined by sound population genetic principles.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Weiss, K M and Clark, A G},
journal = {Trends Genet},
number = {1}
}Comparing Imperfect Measurements with the Bland-Altman Technique: Application in Gene Expression Analysis. Ohno-Machado, L., Vinterbo, S., Dreiseitl, S., Jenssen, T., & Kuo, W. JAMIA, Suppl. S:572–6, 2002.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Several problems in medicine and biology involve the comparison of two measurements made on the same set of cases. The problem differs from a calibration problem because no gold standard can be identified. Testing the null hypothesis of no relationship using measures of association is not optimal since the measurements are made on the same cases, and therefore correlation coefficients will tend to be significant. The descriptive Bland-Altman method can be used in exploratory analysis of this problem, allowing the visualization of gross systematic differences between the two sets of measurements. We utilize the method on three sets of matched observations and demonstrate its usefulness in detecting systematic variations between two measurement technologies to assess gene expression.
@article{Ohno-Machado2002,
title = {Comparing Imperfect Measurements with the {{Bland-Altman}} Technique: Application in Gene Expression Analysis.},
author = {{Ohno-Machado}, Lucila and Vinterbo, Staal and Dreiseitl, Stephen and Jenssen, Tor-Kristian and Kuo, Winston},
year = {2002},
journal = {JAMIA},
volume = {Suppl. S},
pages = {572--6},
abstract = {Several problems in medicine and biology involve the comparison of two measurements made on the same set of cases. The problem differs from a calibration problem because no gold standard can be identified. Testing the null hypothesis of no relationship using measures of association is not optimal since the measurements are made on the same cases, and therefore correlation coefficients will tend to be significant. The descriptive Bland-Altman method can be used in exploratory analysis of this problem, allowing the visualization of gross systematic differences between the two sets of measurements. We utilize the method on three sets of matched observations and demonstrate its usefulness in detecting systematic variations between two measurement technologies to assess gene expression.},
copyright = {All rights reserved},
pii = {1833},
pubmedid = {12463888},
keywords = {12463888,Algorithms,Anonymous Testing,Artificial Intelligence,Bias (Epidemiology),Carcinoma,Child,Comparative Study,Computational Biology,Computerized,Confidentiality,Data Interpretation,Databases,Diagnosis,Differential,Disclosure,DNA,Gene Expression,Gene Expression Profiling,Gene Expression Regulation,Genetic Markers,Humans,Internet,Logistic Models,Lung Neoplasms,Medical Records Systems,Messenger,Multivariate Analysis,Neoplasm,Neoplasms,Neoplastic,Neural Networks (Computer),Non-U.S. Gov't,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis,P.H.S.,Privacy,Research Support,Rhabdomyosarcoma,RNA,Sarcoma,Small Cell,Software,Statistical,U.S. Gov't}
}Modulation of rat chorda tympani NaCl responses and intracellular Na+ activity in polarized taste receptor cells by pH. Lyall, V., Alam, R. I, Phan, T. T, Russell, O. F, Malik, S. A, Heck, G. L, & DeSimone, J. A J Gen Physiol, 120(6):793–815, 2002. Place: United States ISBN: 0022-1295
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Mixture interactions between sour and salt taste modalities were investigated in rats by direct measurement of intracellular pH (pH(i)) and Na(+) activity ([Na(+)](i)) in polarized fungiform taste receptor cells (TRCs) and by chorda tympani (CT) nerve recordings. Stimulating the lingual surface with NaCl solutions adjusted to pHs ranging between 2.0 and 10.3 increased the magnitude of NaCl CT responses linearly with increasing external pH (pH(o)). At pH 7.0, the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) blocker, benzamil, decreased NaCl CT responses and inhibited further changes in CT responses induced by varying pH(o) to 2.0 or 10.3. At constant pH(o), buffering NaCl solutions with potassium acetate/acetic acid (KA/AA) or HCO(3)(-)/CO(2) inhibited NaCl CT responses relative to CT responses obtained with NaCl solutions buffered with HEPES. The carbonic anhydrase blockers, MK-507 and MK-417, attenuated the inhibition of NaCl CT responses in HCO(3)(-)/CO(2) buffer, suggesting a regulatory role for pH(i). In polarized TRCs step changes in apical pH(o) from 10.3 to 2.0 induced a linear decrease in pH(i) that remained within the physiological range (slope = 0.035; r(2) = 0.98). At constant pH(o), perfusing the apical membrane with Ringer's solutions buffered with KA/AA or HCO(3)(-)/CO(2) decreased resting TRC pH(i), and MK-507 or MK-417 attenuated the decrease in pH(i) in TRCs perfused with HCO(3)(-)/CO(2) buffer. In parallel experiments, TRC [Na(+)](i) decreased with (a) a decrease in apical pH, (b) exposing the apical membrane to amiloride or benzamil, (c) removal of apical Na(+), and (d) acid loading the cells with NH(4)Cl or sodium acetate at constant pH(o). Diethylpyrocarbonate and Zn(2+), modification reagents for histidine residues in proteins, attenuated the CO(2)-induced inhibition of NaCl CT responses and the pH(i)-induced inhibition of apical Na(+) influx in TRCs. We conclude that TRC pH(i) regulates Na(+)-influx through amiloride-sensitive apical ENaCs and hence modulates NaCl CT responses in acid/salt mixtures.
@article{lyall_modulation_2002,
title = {Modulation of rat chorda tympani {NaCl} responses and intracellular {Na}+ activity in polarized taste receptor cells by {pH}.},
volume = {120},
abstract = {Mixture interactions between sour and salt taste modalities were investigated in rats by direct measurement of intracellular pH (pH(i)) and Na(+) activity ([Na(+)](i)) in polarized fungiform taste receptor cells (TRCs) and by chorda tympani (CT) nerve recordings. Stimulating the lingual surface with NaCl solutions adjusted to pHs ranging between 2.0 and 10.3 increased the magnitude of NaCl CT responses linearly with increasing external pH (pH(o)). At pH 7.0, the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) blocker, benzamil, decreased NaCl CT responses and inhibited further changes in CT responses induced by varying pH(o) to 2.0 or 10.3. At constant pH(o), buffering NaCl solutions with potassium acetate/acetic acid (KA/AA) or HCO(3)(-)/CO(2) inhibited NaCl CT responses relative to CT responses obtained with NaCl solutions buffered with HEPES. The carbonic anhydrase blockers, MK-507 and MK-417, attenuated the inhibition of NaCl CT responses in HCO(3)(-)/CO(2) buffer, suggesting a regulatory role for pH(i). In polarized TRCs step changes in apical pH(o) from 10.3 to 2.0 induced a linear decrease in pH(i) that remained within the physiological range (slope = 0.035; r(2) = 0.98). At constant pH(o), perfusing the apical membrane with Ringer's solutions buffered with KA/AA or HCO(3)(-)/CO(2) decreased resting TRC pH(i), and MK-507 or MK-417 attenuated the decrease in pH(i) in TRCs perfused with HCO(3)(-)/CO(2) buffer. In parallel experiments, TRC [Na(+)](i) decreased with (a) a decrease in apical pH, (b) exposing the apical membrane to amiloride or benzamil, (c) removal of apical Na(+), and (d) acid loading the cells with NH(4)Cl or sodium acetate at constant pH(o). Diethylpyrocarbonate and Zn(2+), modification reagents for histidine residues in proteins, attenuated the CO(2)-induced inhibition of NaCl CT responses and the pH(i)-induced inhibition of apical Na(+) influx in TRCs. We conclude that TRC pH(i) regulates Na(+)-influx through amiloride-sensitive apical ENaCs and hence modulates NaCl CT responses in acid/salt mixtures.},
language = {eng},
number = {6},
journal = {J Gen Physiol},
author = {Lyall, Vijay and Alam, Rammy I and Phan, Tam-Hao T and Russell, Oneal F and Malik, Shahbaz A and Heck, Gerard L and DeSimone, John A},
year = {2002},
pmid = {12451050},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 0022-1295},
keywords = {Acids, Animals, Chorda Tympani Nerve, Female, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Intracellular Fluid, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Sodium, Sodium Channels, Sodium Chloride, Taste Buds, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {793--815},
}Attending to the thalamus: inhibition of return and nasal-temporal asymmetry in the pulvinar. Sapir, A., Rafal, R., & Henik, A. Neuroreport, 13(5):693–7, 2002.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Inhibition of return (IOR) is a mechanism whereby the attentional system favors novel locations by inhibiting already scanned ones. An important question is what the neural structures are involved. Recently, we studied a patient with damage to the superior colliculus (SC) and concluded that the SC generates IOR. However, it is possible that IOR is generated beyond the colliculus, for example, by the pulvinar. In this paper we tested three patients with unilateral damage to the pulvinar and demonstrated that the pulvinar is not necessary for IOR generation, providing additional support to the suggestion that the SC generates IOR. In addition, since we used monocular presentation, we were able to furnish behavioral evidence for nasal-temporal asymmetrical representation of visual input in the pulvinar.
@article{sapir_attending_2002,
title = {Attending to the thalamus: inhibition of return and nasal-temporal asymmetry in the pulvinar},
volume = {13},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11973472},
doi = {10/fp2pbz},
abstract = {Inhibition of return (IOR) is a mechanism whereby the attentional system favors novel locations by inhibiting already scanned ones. An important question is what the neural structures are involved. Recently, we studied a patient with damage to the superior colliculus (SC) and concluded that the SC generates IOR. However, it is possible that IOR is generated beyond the colliculus, for example, by the pulvinar. In this paper we tested three patients with unilateral damage to the pulvinar and demonstrated that the pulvinar is not necessary for IOR generation, providing additional support to the suggestion that the SC generates IOR. In addition, since we used monocular presentation, we were able to furnish behavioral evidence for nasal-temporal asymmetrical representation of visual input in the pulvinar.},
number = {5},
journal = {Neuroreport},
author = {Sapir, A. and Rafal, R. and Henik, A.},
year = {2002},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Inhibition (Psychology), Analysis of Variance, Female, Humans, Laterality/physiology, Male, Middle Aged, Neural Inhibition/physiology, Photic Stimulation/methods, Pulvinar/*injuries/*physiology, Reaction Time/physiology, Reproducibility of Results, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Superior Colliculus/physiology, Thalamus/*physiology, Visual Fields/physiology},
pages = {693--7},
}Multisensory auditory-visual interactions during early sensory processing in humans: a high-density electrical mapping study. Molholm, S, Ritter, W, Murray, M M, Javitt, D C, Schroeder, C E, & Foxe, J J Brain Res Cogn Brain Res, 14(1):115–128, 2002.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Integration of information from multiple senses is fundamental to perception and cognition, but when and where this is accomplished in the brain is not well understood. This study examined the timing and topography of cortical auditory-visual interactions using high-density event-related potentials (ERPs) during a simple reaction-time (RT) task. Visual and auditory stimuli were presented alone and simultaneously. ERPs elicited by the auditory and visual stimuli when presented alone were summed ('sum' ERP) and compared to the ERP elicited when they were presented simultaneously ('simultaneous' ERP). Divergence between the 'simultaneous' and 'sum' ERP indicated auditory-visual (AV) neural response interactions. There was a surprisingly early right parieto-occipital AV interaction, consistent with the finding of an earlier study [J. Cogn. Neurosci. 11 (1999) 473]. The timing of onset of this effect (46 ms) was essentially simultaneous with the onset of visual cortical processing, as indexed by the onset of the visual C1 component, which is thought to represent the earliest cortical visual evoked potential. The coincident timing of the early AV interaction and C1 strongly suggests that AV interactions can affect early visual sensory processing. Additional AV interactions were found within the time course of sensory processing (up to 200 ms post stimulus onset). In total, this system of AV effects over the scalp was suggestive of both activity unique to multisensory processing, and the modulation of 'unisensory' activity. RTs to the stimuli when presented simultaneously were significantly faster than when they were presented alone. This RT facilitation could not be accounted for by probability summation, as evidenced by violation of the 'race' model, providing compelling evidence that auditory-visual neural interactions give rise to this RT effect.
@article{molholm_multisensory_2002,
title = {Multisensory auditory-visual interactions during early sensory processing in humans: a high-density electrical mapping study},
volume = {14},
abstract = {Integration of information from multiple senses is fundamental to perception and cognition, but when and where this is accomplished in the brain is not well understood. This study examined the timing and topography of cortical auditory-visual interactions using high-density event-related potentials (ERPs) during a simple reaction-time (RT) task. Visual and auditory stimuli were presented alone and simultaneously. ERPs elicited by the auditory and visual stimuli when presented alone were summed ('sum' ERP) and compared to the ERP elicited when they were presented simultaneously ('simultaneous' ERP). Divergence between the 'simultaneous' and 'sum' ERP indicated auditory-visual (AV) neural response interactions. There was a surprisingly early right parieto-occipital AV interaction, consistent with the finding of an earlier study [J. Cogn. Neurosci. 11 (1999) 473]. The timing of onset of this effect (46 ms) was essentially simultaneous with the onset of visual cortical processing, as indexed by the onset of the visual C1 component, which is thought to represent the earliest cortical visual evoked potential. The coincident timing of the early AV interaction and C1 strongly suggests that AV interactions can affect early visual sensory processing. Additional AV interactions were found within the time course of sensory processing (up to 200 ms post stimulus onset). In total, this system of AV effects over the scalp was suggestive of both activity unique to multisensory processing, and the modulation of 'unisensory' activity. RTs to the stimuli when presented simultaneously were significantly faster than when they were presented alone. This RT facilitation could not be accounted for by probability summation, as evidenced by violation of the 'race' model, providing compelling evidence that auditory-visual neural interactions give rise to this RT effect.},
number = {1},
journal = {Brain Res Cogn Brain Res},
author = {Molholm, S and Ritter, W and Murray, M M and Javitt, D C and Schroeder, C E and Foxe, J J},
year = {2002},
pmid = {12063135},
keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation/methods, Adult, Auditory Perception/*physiology, Brain Mapping/*methods, Comparative Study, Evoked Potentials/*physiology, Female, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation/methods, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Perception/*physiology},
pages = {115--128},
}Do children of long-lived parents age more successfully?. Frederiksen, H., McGue, M., Jeune, B., Gaist, D., Nybo, H., Skytthe, A., Vaupel, J., W., & Christensen, K. Epidemiology, 13(3):334-339, 2002.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex BACKGROUND: Long-lived individuals are rare and may be selected in part for the genetic factors that promote successful aging. The children of long-lived parents may therefore age more successfully than the children of short-lived parents. METHODS: We used three major cross-sectional population-based surveys to study the association of parental longevity with successful aging in offspring. The measures of aging were hand-grip strength, cognitive performance (Mini Mental State Examination and a cognitive composite score), self-reported diseases, and self-rated health. RESULTS: For every additional 10 years the parents lived, their children's grip strength increased by 0.32 kg (95% CI = 0.00-0.63), Mini Mental State Examination score by 0.20 points (95% CI = 0.03-0.37), and cognitive composite score by 0.24 points (95% CI = 0.07-0.40). A 10-year increment of parental life was associated with a reduction by approximately 0.20 in the adjusted odds ratio for their children having each of the following conditions: diabetes; hypertension; ischemic heart disease; heart failure; stroke; or fair, poor, or very poor self-rated health. Almost all the effects were seen solely in the cohort of 70+-year-olds, but not among middle-aged or nonagenarian subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Parental life span is positively associated with the children's physical and cognitive functioning and avoidance of some of the common chronic diseases. However, the effects are small and are seen among offspring who are elderly, but not among the middle-aged or the oldest old.
@article{
title = {Do children of long-lived parents age more successfully?},
type = {article},
year = {2002},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Age Distribution,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Aging/*genetics/*physiology,Cognition/physiology,Cross-Sectional Studies,Denmark/epidemiology,Female,Genetics, Population,Hand Strength/physiology,Health Status,Humans,Interviews,Male,Middle Aged,Nuclear Family,Odds Ratio,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
pages = {334-339},
volume = {13},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11964936},
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source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>1044-3983<m:linebreak/>Journal Article<m:linebreak/>Meta-Analysis</m:note>},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Long-lived individuals are rare and may be selected in part for the genetic factors that promote successful aging. The children of long-lived parents may therefore age more successfully than the children of short-lived parents. METHODS: We used three major cross-sectional population-based surveys to study the association of parental longevity with successful aging in offspring. The measures of aging were hand-grip strength, cognitive performance (Mini Mental State Examination and a cognitive composite score), self-reported diseases, and self-rated health. RESULTS: For every additional 10 years the parents lived, their children's grip strength increased by 0.32 kg (95% CI = 0.00-0.63), Mini Mental State Examination score by 0.20 points (95% CI = 0.03-0.37), and cognitive composite score by 0.24 points (95% CI = 0.07-0.40). A 10-year increment of parental life was associated with a reduction by approximately 0.20 in the adjusted odds ratio for their children having each of the following conditions: diabetes; hypertension; ischemic heart disease; heart failure; stroke; or fair, poor, or very poor self-rated health. Almost all the effects were seen solely in the cohort of 70+-year-olds, but not among middle-aged or nonagenarian subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Parental life span is positively associated with the children's physical and cognitive functioning and avoidance of some of the common chronic diseases. However, the effects are small and are seen among offspring who are elderly, but not among the middle-aged or the oldest old.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Frederiksen, H and McGue, M and Jeune, B and Gaist, D and Nybo, H and Skytthe, A and Vaupel, J W and Christensen, K},
journal = {Epidemiology},
number = {3}
}Responses of primate visual cortical V4 neurons to simultaneously presented stimuli. Gawne, T. J & Martin, J. M J Neurophysiol, 88(3):1128-35, 2002.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
We report here results from 45 primate V4 visual cortical neurons to the preattentive presentations of seven different patterns located in two separate areas of the same receptive field and to combinations of the patterns in the two locations. For many neurons, we could not determine any clear relationship for the responses to two simultaneous stimuli. However, for a substantial fraction of the neurons we found that the firing rate was well modeled as the maximum firing rate of each stimulus presented separately. It has previously been proposed that taking the maximum of the inputs ("MAX" operator) could be a useful operation for neurons in visual cortex, although there has until now been little direct physiological evidence for this hypothesis. Our results here provide direct support for the hypothesis that the MAX operator plays a significant (although certainly not exclusive) role in generating the receptive field properties of visual cortical neurons.
@Article{Gawne2002,
author = {Timothy J Gawne and Julie M Martin},
journal = {J Neurophysiol},
title = {Responses of primate visual cortical {V}4 neurons to simultaneously presented stimuli.},
year = {2002},
number = {3},
pages = {1128-35},
volume = {88},
abstract = {We report here results from 45 primate V4 visual cortical neurons
to the preattentive presentations of seven different patterns located
in two separate areas of the same receptive field and to combinations
of the patterns in the two locations. For many neurons, we could
not determine any clear relationship for the responses to two simultaneous
stimuli. However, for a substantial fraction of the neurons we found
that the firing rate was well modeled as the maximum firing rate
of each stimulus presented separately. It has previously been proposed
that taking the maximum of the inputs ("MAX" operator) could be a
useful operation for neurons in visual cortex, although there has
until now been little direct physiological evidence for this hypothesis.
Our results here provide direct support for the hypothesis that the
MAX operator plays a significant (although certainly not exclusive)
role in generating the receptive field properties of visual cortical
neurons.},
keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, 12205134},
}The past and future of the past tense. Pinker, S. & Ullman, M. T Trends Cogn Sci, 6(11):456-463, 2002.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
What is the interaction between storage and computation in language processing? What is the psychological status of grammatical rules? What are the relative strengths of connectionist and symbolic models of cognition? How are the components of language implemented in the brain? The English past tense has served as an arena for debates on these issues. We defend the theory that irregular past-tense forms are stored in the lexicon, a division of declarative memory, whereas regular forms can be computed by a concatenation rule, which requires the procedural system. Irregulars have the psychological, linguistic and neuropsychological signatures of lexical memory, whereas regulars often have the signatures of grammatical processing. Furthermore, because regular inflection is rule-driven, speakers can apply it whenever memory fails.
@Article{Pinker2002a,
author = {Steven Pinker and Michael T Ullman},
journal = {Trends Cogn Sci},
title = {The past and future of the past tense.},
year = {2002},
number = {11},
pages = {456-463},
volume = {6},
abstract = {What is the interaction between storage and computation in language
processing? What is the psychological status of grammatical rules?
What are the relative strengths of connectionist and symbolic models
of cognition? How are the components of language implemented in the
brain? The English past tense has served as an arena for debates
on these issues. We defend the theory that irregular past-tense forms
are stored in the lexicon, a division of declarative memory, whereas
regular forms can be computed by a concatenation rule, which requires
the procedural system. Irregulars have the psychological, linguistic
and neuropsychological signatures of lexical memory, whereas regulars
often have the signatures of grammatical processing. Furthermore,
because regular inflection is rule-driven, speakers can apply it
whenever memory fails.},
keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, Signal Detection (Psychology), Judgment, ROC Curve, Regression Analysis, Music, Probability, Arm, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Hemiplegia, Movement, Muscle, Skeletal, Myoclonus, Robotics, Magnetoencephalography, Phonetics, Software, Speech Production Measurement, Epilepsies, Partial, Laterality, Stereotaxic Techniques, Germany, Speech Acoustics, Verbal Behavior, Child Development, Instinct, Brain Stem, Coma, Diagnosis, Differential, Hearing Disorders, Hearing Loss, Central, Neuroma, Acoustic, Dendrites, Down-Regulation, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Wistar, Up-Regulation, Aged, Aphasia, Middle Aged, Cones (Retina), Primates, Retina, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Tympanic Membrane, Cell Communication, Extremities, Biological, Motor Activity, Rana catesbeiana, Spinal Cord, Central Nervous System, Motion, Motor Cortex, Intelligence, Macaca fascicularis, Adoption, Critical Period (Psychology), France, Korea, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Multilingualism, Auditory Pathways, Cochlear Nerve, Loudness Perception, Neural Conduction, Sensory Thresholds, Sound, Language Disorders, 12457895},
}Excitation and adaptation in the detection of hydrogen ions by taste receptor cells: a role for cAMP and Ca(2+). Lyall, V., Alam, R. I, Phan, T. T, Phan, D. Q, Heck, G. L, & DeSimone, J. A J Neurophysiol, 87(1):399–408, 2002. Place: United States ISBN: 0022-3077
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The role of intracellular cAMP and Ca(2+) in the excitation and adaptation of taste responses by HCl was investigated by direct measurement of intracellular pH (pH(i)) in polarized taste receptor cells (TRCs) and by chorda tympani (CT) nerve recordings. Stimulating the tongue with HCl concentrations between 1 and 30 mM caused a dose-dependent increase in CT responses that were insensitive to voltage clamp of the lingual receptive field and to amiloride. At a fixed HCl concentration (20 mM) topical lingual application of 8-chlorophenylthio(CPT)-cAMP increased the magnitude of HCl-induced CT response by twofold under zero current clamp. The magnitude of the CT response increased further at -60 mV and decreased at +60 mV lingual voltage clamp but remained amiloride insensitive. In untreated polarized TRCs, apical stimulation with HCl concentrations between 1 and 30 mM HCl induced sustained decreases in TRC pH(i). The magnitude of pH(i) decrease increased with increasing HCl concentration. Following treatment of the basolateral membrane with 8-CPT-cAMP the decrease in pH(i) due to apical 1 mM HCl application was significantly increased. Treatment with cAMP alone decreased resting TRC pH(i) and inhibited the recovery of pH(i) from a basolateral NH4Cl pulse by 46%. Topical lingual application of ionomycin, a Ca(2+) ionophore, did not affect the initial CT response to 20 mM HCl +10 mM CaCl2, but the response declined rapidly to 50% of its initial level within 2 min. In polarized TRCs, basolateral exposure to ionomycin increased TRC pH(i) and activated pH(i) recovery from NH4Cl pulse by 388%. Apical HCl stimulation induced a transient decrease in resting TRC pH(i) followed by spontaneous recovery. The data suggest that cAMP enhances the sour taste of strong acids by activating a Ca(2+)- and amiloride-insensitive H(+) conductance and inhibiting pH(i) recovery in TRCs. However, an increase in [Ca(2+)]i stimulates pH(i) recovery, which, in turn, increases sensory adaptation to acids.
@article{lyall_excitation_2002,
title = {Excitation and adaptation in the detection of hydrogen ions by taste receptor cells: a role for {cAMP} and {Ca}(2+).},
volume = {87},
abstract = {The role of intracellular cAMP and Ca(2+) in the excitation and adaptation of taste responses by HCl was investigated by direct measurement of intracellular pH (pH(i)) in polarized taste receptor cells (TRCs) and by chorda tympani (CT) nerve recordings. Stimulating the tongue with HCl concentrations between 1 and 30 mM caused a dose-dependent increase in CT responses that were insensitive to voltage clamp of the lingual receptive field and to amiloride. At a fixed HCl concentration (20 mM) topical lingual application of 8-chlorophenylthio(CPT)-cAMP increased the magnitude of HCl-induced CT response by twofold under zero current clamp. The magnitude of the CT response increased further at -60 mV and decreased at +60 mV lingual voltage clamp but remained amiloride insensitive. In untreated polarized TRCs, apical stimulation with HCl concentrations between 1 and 30 mM HCl induced sustained decreases in TRC pH(i). The magnitude of pH(i) decrease increased with increasing HCl concentration. Following treatment of the basolateral membrane with 8-CPT-cAMP the decrease in pH(i) due to apical 1 mM HCl application was significantly increased. Treatment with cAMP alone decreased resting TRC pH(i) and inhibited the recovery of pH(i) from a basolateral NH4Cl pulse by 46\%. Topical lingual application of ionomycin, a Ca(2+) ionophore, did not affect the initial CT response to 20 mM HCl +10 mM CaCl2, but the response declined rapidly to 50\% of its initial level within 2 min. In polarized TRCs, basolateral exposure to ionomycin increased TRC pH(i) and activated pH(i) recovery from NH4Cl pulse by 388\%. Apical HCl stimulation induced a transient decrease in resting TRC pH(i) followed by spontaneous recovery. The data suggest that cAMP enhances the sour taste of strong acids by activating a Ca(2+)- and amiloride-insensitive H(+) conductance and inhibiting pH(i) recovery in TRCs. However, an increase in [Ca(2+)]i stimulates pH(i) recovery, which, in turn, increases sensory adaptation to acids.},
language = {eng},
number = {1},
journal = {J Neurophysiol},
author = {Lyall, Vijay and Alam, Rammy I and Phan, Tam-Hao T and Phan, Duy Q and Heck, Gerard L and DeSimone, John A},
year = {2002},
pmid = {11784758},
note = {Place: United States
ISBN: 0022-3077},
keywords = {Adaptation, Physiological, Amiloride, Animals, Calcium, Chorda Tympani Nerve, Cyclic AMP, Female, Fluorescent Dyes, Hydrochloric Acid, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Intracellular Fluid, Ionomycin, Protons, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Second Messenger Systems, Sodium-Hydrogen Antiporter, Taste Buds, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {399--408},
}Visual categorization and the primate prefrontal cortex: Neurophysiology and behavior. Freedman, D. J, Riesenhuber, M., Poggio, T., & Miller, E. K J Neurophysiol, 88(2):929-41, 2002.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The ability to group stimuli into meaningful categories is a fundamental cognitive process. To explore its neuronal basis, we trained monkeys to categorize computer-generated stimuli as "cats" and "dogs." A morphing system was used to systematically vary stimulus shape and precisely define a category boundary. Psychophysical testing and analysis of eye movements suggest that the monkeys categorized the stimuli by attending to multiple stimulus features. Neuronal activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex reflected the category of visual stimuli and changed with learning when a monkey was retrained with the same stimuli assigned to new categories. Further, many neurons showed activity that appeared to reflect the monkey's decision about whether two stimuli were from the same category or not. These results suggest that the lateral prefrontal cortex is an important part of the neuronal circuitry underlying category learning and category-based behaviors.
@Article{Freedman2002,
author = {David J Freedman and Maximilian Riesenhuber and Tomaso Poggio and Earl K Miller},
journal = {J Neurophysiol},
title = {Visual categorization and the primate prefrontal cortex: {N}europhysiology and behavior.},
year = {2002},
number = {2},
pages = {929-41},
volume = {88},
abstract = {The ability to group stimuli into meaningful categories is a fundamental
cognitive process. To explore its neuronal basis, we trained monkeys
to categorize computer-generated stimuli as "cats" and "dogs." A
morphing system was used to systematically vary stimulus shape and
precisely define a category boundary. Psychophysical testing and
analysis of eye movements suggest that the monkeys categorized the
stimuli by attending to multiple stimulus features. Neuronal activity
in the lateral prefrontal cortex reflected the category of visual
stimuli and changed with learning when a monkey was retrained with
the same stimuli assigned to new categories. Further, many neurons
showed activity that appeared to reflect the monkey's decision about
whether two stimuli were from the same category or not. These results
suggest that the lateral prefrontal cortex is an important part of
the neuronal circuitry underlying category learning and category-based
behaviors.},
keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, 12163542},
}2001 (8)
The eye movements of pure alexic patients during reading and nonreading tasks. Behrmann, M, Shomstein, S S, Black, S E, & Barton, J J Neuropsychologia, 39(9):983–1002, 2001.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
We compared the eye-movements of two patients who read letter-by-letter (LBL) following a left occipital lobe lesion with those of normal control subjects and of hemianopic patients in two tasks: a nonreading visual search task and a text reading task. Whereas the LBL readers exhibited similar eye-movement patterns to those of the other two groups on the nonreading task, their eye movements differed significantly during reading, as reflected in the disproportionate increase in the number and duration of fixations per word and in the regressive saccades per word. Importantly, relative to the two control groups, letter-by-letter readers also made more fixations per word as word length increased, especially as word frequency and word imageability decreased. Two critical results emerged from these experiments: First, the alteration in the oculomotor behavior of the LBL readers during reading is similar to that seen in normal readers under difficult reading conditions, as well as in beginning readers and in those with developmental dyslexia, and appears to reflect difficulties in processing the visual stimulus. Second, the interaction of length with frequency and with imageability in determining the eye movement pattern is consistent with an interactive activation model of normal word recognition in which weakened activation of orthographic input can nevertheless engage high-level lexical factors.
@article{behrmann_eye_2001,
title = {The eye movements of pure alexic patients during reading and nonreading tasks},
volume = {39},
abstract = {We compared the eye-movements of two patients who read letter-by-letter (LBL) following a left occipital lobe lesion with those of normal control subjects and of hemianopic patients in two tasks: a nonreading visual search task and a text reading task. Whereas the LBL readers exhibited similar eye-movement patterns to those of the other two groups on the nonreading task, their eye movements differed significantly during reading, as reflected in the disproportionate increase in the number and duration of fixations per word and in the regressive saccades per word. Importantly, relative to the two control groups, letter-by-letter readers also made more fixations per word as word length increased, especially as word frequency and word imageability decreased. Two critical results emerged from these experiments: First, the alteration in the oculomotor behavior of the LBL readers during reading is similar to that seen in normal readers under difficult reading conditions, as well as in beginning readers and in those with developmental dyslexia, and appears to reflect difficulties in processing the visual stimulus. Second, the interaction of length with frequency and with imageability in determining the eye movement pattern is consistent with an interactive activation model of normal word recognition in which weakened activation of orthographic input can nevertheless engage high-level lexical factors.},
number = {9},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
author = {Behrmann, M and Shomstein, S S and Black, S E and Barton, J J},
year = {2001},
pmid = {11516450},
keywords = {*Eye Movements, *Reading, Adult, Comparative Study, Dyslexia/*physiopathology, Female, Hemianopsia/physiopathology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occipital Lobe/*physiology, Recognition (Psychology), Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
pages = {983--1002},
}Activation of the auditory pre-attentive change detection system by tone repetitions with fast stimulation rate. Wolff, C & Schröger, E Brain Res Cogn Brain Res, 10(3):323-7, 2001.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The human automatic pre-attentive change detection system indexed by the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the auditory event-related brain potential is known to be highly adaptive. The present study showed that even infrequent repetitions of tones can elicit MMN, independently of attention, when tones of varying frequency are rapidly presented in an isochronous rhythm. This demonstrates that frequency variation can be extracted as an invariant feature of the acoustic environment revealing the capacity for adaptation of the auditory pre-attentive change detection system. It is argued that this capacity is related to the temporal-window of integration.
@Article{Wolff2001,
author = {C Wolff and E Schr\"oger},
journal = {Brain Res Cogn Brain Res},
title = {Activation of the auditory pre-attentive change detection system by tone repetitions with fast stimulation rate.},
year = {2001},
number = {3},
pages = {323-7},
volume = {10},
abstract = {The human automatic pre-attentive change detection system indexed
by the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the auditory event-related
brain potential is known to be highly adaptive. The present study
showed that even infrequent repetitions of tones can elicit MMN,
independently of attention, when tones of varying frequency are rapidly
presented in an isochronous rhythm. This demonstrates that frequency
variation can be extracted as an invariant feature of the acoustic
environment revealing the capacity for adaptation of the auditory
pre-attentive change detection system. It is argued that this capacity
is related to the temporal-window of integration.},
keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, Signal Detection (Psychology), Judgment, ROC Curve, Regression Analysis, Music, Probability, Arm, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Hemiplegia, Movement, Muscle, Skeletal, Myoclonus, Robotics, Magnetoencephalography, Phonetics, Software, Speech Production Measurement, Epilepsies, Partial, Laterality, Stereotaxic Techniques, Germany, Speech Acoustics, Verbal Behavior, Child Development, Instinct, Brain Stem, Coma, Diagnosis, Differential, Hearing Disorders, Hearing Loss, Central, Neuroma, Acoustic, Dendrites, Down-Regulation, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Wistar, Up-Regulation, Aged, Aphasia, Middle Aged, Cones (Retina), Primates, Retina, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Tympanic Membrane, Cell Communication, Extremities, Biological, Motor Activity, Rana catesbeiana, Spinal Cord, Central Nervous System, Motion, Motor Cortex, Intelligence, Macaca fascicularis, Adoption, Critical Period (Psychology), France, Korea, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Multilingualism, Auditory Pathways, Cochlear Nerve, Loudness Perception, Neural Conduction, Sensory Thresholds, Sound, Language Disorders, Preschool, Generalization (Psychology), Vocabulary, Biophysics, Nerve Net, Potassium Channels, Sodium Channels, Cues, Differential Threshold, Arousal, Newborn, Sucking Behavior, Ferrets, Microelectrodes, Gestalt Theory, Mathematical Computing, Perceptual Closure, Vestibulocochlear Nerve, Brain Damage, Chronic, Regional Blood Flow, Thinking, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Case-Control Studies, Multivariate Analysis, Artificial Intelligence, Depth Perception, Broca, Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex, Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery, X-Ray Computed, 11167055},
}After BRCA1 and BRCA2-what next? Multifactorial segregation analyses of three-generation, population-based Australian families affected by female breast cancer. Cui, J., Antoniou, A., C., Dite, G., S., Southey, M., C., Venter, D., J., Easton, D., F., Giles, G., G., McCredie, M., R., & Hopper, J., L. Am J Hum Genet, 68(2):420-31., 2001.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 that cause a dominantly inherited high risk of female breast cancer seem to explain only a small proportion of the aggregation of the disease. To study the possible additional genetic components, we conducted single-locus and two-locus segregation analyses, with and without a polygenic background, using three-generation families ascertained through 858 women with breast cancer diagnosed at age <40 years, ascertained through population cancer registries in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia. Extensive testing for deleterious mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, to date, has identified 34 carriers. Our analysis suggested that, after other possible unmeasured familial factors are adjusted for and the known BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers are excluded, there appears to be a residual dominantly inherited risk of female breast cancer in addition to that derived from mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. This study also suggests that there is a substantial recessively inherited risk of early-onset breast cancer. According to the best-fitting model, after excluding known carriers of mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, about 1/250 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1/500 to 1/125) women have a recessive risk of 86% (95% CI 69%-100%) by age 50 years and of almost 100% by age 60 years. Possible reasons that our study has implicated a novel strong recessive effect include our inclusion of data on lineal aunts and grandmothers, study of families ascertained through women with early-onset breast cancer, allowance for multiple familial factors in the analysis, and removal of families for whom the cause (i.e., BRCA1 or BRCA2) is known. Our findings may have implications for attempts to identify new breast cancer-susceptibility genes.
@article{
title = {After BRCA1 and BRCA2-what next? Multifactorial segregation analyses of three-generation, population-based Australian families affected by female breast cancer},
type = {article},
year = {2001},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Age Factors,Age of Onset,Australia,BRCA1 Protein/*genetics,BRCA2 Protein,Breast Neoplasms/*genetics,Cohort Studies,Family Health,Female,Heterozygote,Human,Male,Models, Genetic,Molecular Sequence Data,Mutation,Neoplasm Proteins/*genetics,Pedigree,Probability,Risk Factors,Statistics,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Transcription Factors/*genetics},
pages = {420-31.},
volume = {68},
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created = {2017-06-19T13:45:18.919Z},
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abstract = {Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 that cause a dominantly inherited high risk of female breast cancer seem to explain only a small proportion of the aggregation of the disease. To study the possible additional genetic components, we conducted single-locus and two-locus segregation analyses, with and without a polygenic background, using three-generation families ascertained through 858 women with breast cancer diagnosed at age <40 years, ascertained through population cancer registries in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia. Extensive testing for deleterious mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, to date, has identified 34 carriers. Our analysis suggested that, after other possible unmeasured familial factors are adjusted for and the known BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers are excluded, there appears to be a residual dominantly inherited risk of female breast cancer in addition to that derived from mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. This study also suggests that there is a substantial recessively inherited risk of early-onset breast cancer. According to the best-fitting model, after excluding known carriers of mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, about 1/250 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1/500 to 1/125) women have a recessive risk of 86% (95% CI 69%-100%) by age 50 years and of almost 100% by age 60 years. Possible reasons that our study has implicated a novel strong recessive effect include our inclusion of data on lineal aunts and grandmothers, study of families ascertained through women with early-onset breast cancer, allowance for multiple familial factors in the analysis, and removal of families for whom the cause (i.e., BRCA1 or BRCA2) is known. Our findings may have implications for attempts to identify new breast cancer-susceptibility genes.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Cui, J and Antoniou, A C and Dite, G S and Southey, M C and Venter, D J and Easton, D F and Giles, G G and McCredie, M R and Hopper, J L},
journal = {Am J Hum Genet},
number = {2}
}Statistical learning in a serial reaction time task: Access to separable statistical cues by individual learners. Hunt, R. & Aslin, R. N J Exp Psychol Gen, 130(4):658-80, 2001.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The ability of adult learners to exploit the joint and conditional probabilities in a serial reaction time task containing both deterministic and probabilistic information was investigated. Learners used the statistical information embedded in a continuous input stream to improve their performance for certain transitions by simultaneously exploiting differences in the predictability of 2 or more underlying statistics. Analysis of individual learners revealed that although most acquired the underlying statistical structure veridically, others used an alternate strategy that was partially predictive of the sequences. The findings show that learners possess a robust learning device well suited to exploiting the relative predictability of more than I source of statistical information at the same time. This work expands on previous studies of statistical learning, as well as studies of artificial grammar learning and implicit sequence learning.
@ARTICLE{Hunt2001,
author = {RH Hunt and Richard N Aslin},
title = {Statistical learning in a serial reaction time task: {A}ccess to
separable statistical cues by individual learners.},
journal = {J Exp Psychol Gen},
year = {2001},
volume = {130},
pages = {658-80},
number = {4},
abstract = {The ability of adult learners to exploit the joint and conditional
probabilities in a serial reaction time task containing both deterministic
and probabilistic information was investigated. Learners used the
statistical information embedded in a continuous input stream to
improve their performance for certain transitions by simultaneously
exploiting differences in the predictability of 2 or more underlying
statistics. Analysis of individual learners revealed that although
most acquired the underlying statistical structure veridically, others
used an alternate strategy that was partially predictive of the sequences.
The findings show that learners possess a robust learning device
well suited to exploiting the relative predictability of more than
I source of statistical information at the same time. This work expands
on previous studies of statistical learning, as well as studies of
artificial grammar learning and implicit sequence learning.},
keywords = {Adult, Cues, Female, Human, Learning, Male, Reaction Time, Statistics,
Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., 11757874}
}Emotion recognition from faces and prosody following temporal lobectomy. Adolphs, R, Tranel, D, & Damasio, H Neuropsychology, 15(3):396–404, 2001.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The anteromedial temporal lobe has been found to participate in processing emotion, but there are unresolved discrepancies in the literature. To address this issue, the authors investigated recognition of emotion from faces and from prosody in 26 participants with unilateral temporal lobectomy (15 left, 11 right) and in 50 brain-damaged controls. Participants with right, but not left, temporal lobectomy did significantly worse in recognizing fear from facial expressions. There were no group differences in recognizing emotional prosody. Neither IQ nor basic perceptual function accounted for task performance; however, there was a moderate negative correlation between extent of amygdala damage and overall performance. Consistent with some prior studies, these findings support a role for the right anteromedial temporal lobe (including amygdala) in recognizing emotion from faces but caution in drawing conclusions from small group samples.
@article{adolphs_emotion_2001,
title = {Emotion recognition from faces and prosody following temporal lobectomy},
volume = {15},
abstract = {The anteromedial temporal lobe has been found to participate in processing emotion, but there are unresolved discrepancies in the literature. To address this issue, the authors investigated recognition of emotion from faces and from prosody in 26 participants with unilateral temporal lobectomy (15 left, 11 right) and in 50 brain-damaged controls. Participants with right, but not left, temporal lobectomy did significantly worse in recognizing fear from facial expressions. There were no group differences in recognizing emotional prosody. Neither IQ nor basic perceptual function accounted for task performance; however, there was a moderate negative correlation between extent of amygdala damage and overall performance. Consistent with some prior studies, these findings support a role for the right anteromedial temporal lobe (including amygdala) in recognizing emotion from faces but caution in drawing conclusions from small group samples.},
number = {3},
journal = {Neuropsychology},
author = {Adolphs, R and Tranel, D and Damasio, H},
year = {2001},
pmid = {11499994},
keywords = {*Affect, *Face, *Facial Expression, *Linguistics, *Recognition (Psychology), Adult, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/*surgery, Female, Humans, Laterality/physiology, Male, Middle Aged, Perceptual Disorders/*diagnosis/*physiopathology, Postoperative Period, Psychosurgery/*methods, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Temporal Lobe/physiopathology, Visual Perception/*physiology},
pages = {396--404},
}Unsupervised statistical learning of higher-order spatial structures from visual scenes. Fiser, J & Aslin, R. N Psychol Sci, 12(6):499-504, 2001.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Three experiments investigated the ability of human observers to extract the joint and conditional probabilities of shape co-occurrences during passive viewing of complex visual scenes. Results indicated that statistical learning of shape conjunctions was both rapid and automatic, as subjects were not instructed to attend to any particularfeatures of the displays. Moreover, in addition to single-shape frequency, subjects acquired in parallel several different higher-order aspects of the statistical structure of the displays, including absolute shape-position relations in an array, shape-pair arrangements independent of position, and conditional probabilities of shape co-occurrences. Unsupervised learning of these higher-order statistics provides support for Barlow's theory of visual recognition, which posits that detecting "suspicious coincidences" of elements during recognition is a necessary prerequisite for efficient learning of new visual features.
@Article{Fiser2001,
author = {J Fiser and Richard N Aslin},
journal = {Psychol Sci},
title = {Unsupervised statistical learning of higher-order spatial structures from visual scenes.},
year = {2001},
number = {6},
pages = {499-504},
volume = {12},
abstract = {Three experiments investigated the ability of human observers to extract
the joint and conditional probabilities of shape co-occurrences during
passive viewing of complex visual scenes. Results indicated that
statistical learning of shape conjunctions was both rapid and automatic,
as subjects were not instructed to attend to any particularfeatures
of the displays. Moreover, in addition to single-shape frequency,
subjects acquired in parallel several different higher-order aspects
of the statistical structure of the displays, including absolute
shape-position relations in an array, shape-pair arrangements independent
of position, and conditional probabilities of shape co-occurrences.
Unsupervised learning of these higher-order statistics provides support
for Barlow's theory of visual recognition, which posits that detecting
"suspicious coincidences" of elements during recognition is a necessary
prerequisite for efficient learning of new visual features.},
keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, 11760138},
}Objects and attention: The state of the art. Scholl, B. J. Cognition, 80(1-2):1-46, 2001.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
What are the units of attention? In addition to standard models holding that attention can select spatial regions and visual features, recent work suggests that in some cases attention can directly select discrete objects. This paper reviews the state of the art with regard to such 'object-based' attention, and explores how objects of attention relate to locations, reference frames, perceptual groups, surfaces, parts, and features. Also discussed are the dynamic aspects of objecthood, including the question of how attended objects are individuated in time, and the possibility of attending to simple dynamic motions and events. The final sections of this review generalize these issues beyond vision science, to other modalities and fields such as auditory objects of attention and the infant's 'object concept'.
@Article{Scholl2001b,
author = {B. J. Scholl},
journal = {Cognition},
title = {Objects and attention: {T}he state of the art.},
year = {2001},
number = {1-2},
pages = {1-46},
volume = {80},
abstract = {What are the units of attention? In addition to standard models holding
that attention can select spatial regions and visual features, recent
work suggests that in some cases attention can directly select discrete
objects. This paper reviews the state of the art with regard to such
'object-based' attention, and explores how objects of attention relate
to locations, reference frames, perceptual groups, surfaces, parts,
and features. Also discussed are the dynamic aspects of objecthood,
including the question of how attended objects are individuated in
time, and the possibility of attending to simple dynamic motions
and events. The final sections of this review generalize these issues
beyond vision science, to other modalities and fields such as auditory
objects of attention and the infant's 'object concept'.},
keywords = {80 and over, Adenoviridae, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Attention, Auditory Perception, Biopsy, Bone Nails, Bone Neoplasms, Bone Screws, Bone Transplantation, Breast Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Child, Child Development, Cognition, Cohort Studies, Comparative Study, Concept Formation, Constriction, Esophageal Neoplasms, Female, Femoral Neck Fractures, Femoral Neoplasms, Femur Head, Femur Neck, Fibula, Follow-Up Studies, Fracture Fixation, Fractures, Gene Expression, Gene Transfer Techniques, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Hepatitis, Homologous, Humans, Inbred Strains, Infant, Injections, Internal, Intramedullary, Intravenous, Judgment, Knee Joint, Liver, Luminescent Proteins, Male, Meta-Analysis, Middle Aged, Models, Motion, Motion Perception, Needle, Neoplasms, Non-P.H.S., Non-U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Perceptual Distortion, Portal Vein, Preschool, Problem Solving, Psychological, Radiation-Induced, Rats, Research Support, Retrospective Studies, Second Primary, Self Concept, Sensitivity and Specificity, Social Perception, Space Perception, Spontaneous, Squamous Cell, Students, Time Factors, Tomography, Transplantation, Treatment Outcome, U.S. Gov't, Visual Perception, X-Ray Computed, 11245838},
}Understanding human disease mutations through the use of interspecific genetic variation. Miller, M., P. & Kumar, S. Hum Mol Genet, 10(21):2319-2328, 2001.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex Data on replacement mutations in genes of disease patients exist in a variety of online resources. In addition, genome sequencing projects and individual gene sequencing efforts have led to the identification of disease gene homologs in diverse metazoan species. The availability of these two types of information provides unique opportunities to investigate factors that are important in the development of genetically based disease by contrasting long and short-term molecular evolutionary patterns. Therefore, we conducted an analysis of disease-associated human genetic variation for seven disease genes: the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the neural cell adhesion molecule L1, phenylalanine hydroxylase, paired box 6, the X-linked retinoschisis gene and TSC2/tuberin. Our analyses indicate that disease mutations show definite patterns when examined from an evolutionary perspective. Human replacement mutations resulting in disease are overabundant at amino acid positions most conserved throughout the long-term history of metazoans. In contrast, human polymorphic replacement mutations and silent mutations are randomly distributed across sites with respect to the level of conservation of amino acid sites within genes. Furthermore, disease-causing amino acid changes are of types usually not observed among species. Using Grantham's chemical difference matrix, we find that amino acid changes observed in disease patients are far more radical than the variation found among species and in non-diseased humans. Overall, our results demonstrate the usefulness of evolutionary analyses for understanding patterns of human disease mutations and underscore the biomedical significance of sequence data currently being generated from various model organism genome sequencing projects.
@article{
title = {Understanding human disease mutations through the use of interspecific genetic variation},
type = {article},
year = {2001},
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keywords = {*Evolution, Molecular,Amino Acids/genetics,Animals,Cattle,Cricetinae,Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulato,Databases, Nucleic Acid,Eye Proteins/genetics,Gene Frequency,Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics,Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/genetics,Homeodomain Proteins/genetics,Humans,Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex,Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics,Mice,Mutation,Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics,Paired Box Transcription Factors,Phenylalanine Hydroxylase/genetics,Phylogeny,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide,Rats,Repressor Proteins/genetics,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Species Specificity,Tumor Suppressor Proteins,Variation (Genetics)},
pages = {2319-2328},
volume = {10},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11689479},
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abstract = {Data on replacement mutations in genes of disease patients exist in a variety of online resources. In addition, genome sequencing projects and individual gene sequencing efforts have led to the identification of disease gene homologs in diverse metazoan species. The availability of these two types of information provides unique opportunities to investigate factors that are important in the development of genetically based disease by contrasting long and short-term molecular evolutionary patterns. Therefore, we conducted an analysis of disease-associated human genetic variation for seven disease genes: the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the neural cell adhesion molecule L1, phenylalanine hydroxylase, paired box 6, the X-linked retinoschisis gene and TSC2/tuberin. Our analyses indicate that disease mutations show definite patterns when examined from an evolutionary perspective. Human replacement mutations resulting in disease are overabundant at amino acid positions most conserved throughout the long-term history of metazoans. In contrast, human polymorphic replacement mutations and silent mutations are randomly distributed across sites with respect to the level of conservation of amino acid sites within genes. Furthermore, disease-causing amino acid changes are of types usually not observed among species. Using Grantham's chemical difference matrix, we find that amino acid changes observed in disease patients are far more radical than the variation found among species and in non-diseased humans. Overall, our results demonstrate the usefulness of evolutionary analyses for understanding patterns of human disease mutations and underscore the biomedical significance of sequence data currently being generated from various model organism genome sequencing projects.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Miller, M P and Kumar, S},
journal = {Hum Mol Genet},
number = {21}
}2000 (9)
Learning of action through adaptive combination of motor primitives. Thoroughman, K. & Shadmehr, R Nature, 407(6805):742-7, 2000.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Understanding how the brain constructs movements remains a fundamental challenge in neuroscience. The brain may control complex movements through flexible combination of motor primitives, where each primitive is an element of computation in the sensorimotor map that transforms desired limb trajectories into motor commands. Theoretical studies have shown that a system's ability to learn action depends on the shape of its primitives. Using a time-series analysis of error patterns, here we show that humans learn the dynamics of reaching movements through a flexible combination of primitives that have gaussian-like tuning functions encoding hand velocity. The wide tuning of the inferred primitives predicts limitations on the brain's ability to represent viscous dynamics. We find close agreement between the predicted limitations and the subjects' adaptation to new force fields. The mathematical properties of the derived primitives resemble the tuning curves of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. The activity of these cells may encode primitives that underlie the learning of dynamics.
@Article{Thoroughman2000,
author = {KA Thoroughman and R Shadmehr},
journal = {Nature},
title = {Learning of action through adaptive combination of motor primitives.},
year = {2000},
number = {6805},
pages = {742-7},
volume = {407},
abstract = {Understanding how the brain constructs movements remains a fundamental
challenge in neuroscience. The brain may control complex movements
through flexible combination of motor primitives, where each primitive
is an element of computation in the sensorimotor map that transforms
desired limb trajectories into motor commands. Theoretical studies
have shown that a system's ability to learn action depends on the
shape of its primitives. Using a time-series analysis of error patterns,
here we show that humans learn the dynamics of reaching movements
through a flexible combination of primitives that have gaussian-like
tuning functions encoding hand velocity. The wide tuning of the inferred
primitives predicts limitations on the brain's ability to represent
viscous dynamics. We find close agreement between the predicted limitations
and the subjects' adaptation to new force fields. The mathematical
properties of the derived primitives resemble the tuning curves of
Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. The activity of these cells may
encode primitives that underlie the learning of dynamics.},
doi = {10.1038/35037588},
keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, Signal Detection (Psychology), Judgment, ROC Curve, Regression Analysis, Music, Probability, Arm, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Hemiplegia, Movement, Muscle, Skeletal, Myoclonus, Robotics, Magnetoencephalography, Phonetics, Software, Speech Production Measurement, Epilepsies, Partial, Laterality, Stereotaxic Techniques, Germany, Speech Acoustics, Verbal Behavior, Child Development, Instinct, Brain Stem, Coma, Diagnosis, Differential, Hearing Disorders, Hearing Loss, Central, Neuroma, Acoustic, Dendrites, Down-Regulation, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Wistar, Up-Regulation, Aged, Aphasia, Middle Aged, Cones (Retina), Primates, Retina, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Tympanic Membrane, Cell Communication, Extremities, Biological, Motor Activity, Rana catesbeiana, Spinal Cord, Central Nervous System, Motion, Motor Cortex, Intelligence, Macaca fascicularis, Adoption, Critical Period (Psychology), France, Korea, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Multilingualism, Auditory Pathways, Cochlear Nerve, Loudness Perception, Neural Conduction, Sensory Thresholds, Sound, Language Disorders, Preschool, Generalization (Psychology), Vocabulary, Biophysics, Nerve Net, Potassium Channels, Sodium Channels, Cues, Differential Threshold, Arousal, Newborn, Sucking Behavior, Ferrets, Microelectrodes, Gestalt Theory, Mathematical Computing, Perceptual Closure, Vestibulocochlear Nerve, Brain Damage, Chronic, Regional Blood Flow, Thinking, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Case-Control Studies, Multivariate Analysis, Artificial Intelligence, Depth Perception, 11048700},
}An fMRI study of the selective activation of human extrastriate form vision areas by radial and concentric gratings. Wilkinson, F, James, T W, Wilson, H R, Gati, J S, Menon, R S, & Goodale, M A Curr Biol, 10(22):1455–1458, 2000.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The ventral form vision pathway of the primate brain comprises a sequence of areas that include V1, V2, V4 and the inferior temporal cortex (IT) [1]. Although contour extraction in the V1 area and responses to complex images, such as faces, in the IT have been studied extensively, much less is known about shape extraction at intermediate cortical levels such as V4. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to demonstrate that the human V4 is more strongly activated by concentric and radial patterns than by conventional sinusoidal gratings. This is consistent with global pooling of local V1 orientations to extract concentric and radial shape information in V4. Furthermore, concentric patterns were found to be effective in activating the fusiform face area. These findings support recent psychophysical [2,3] and physiological [4,5] data indicating that analysis of concentric and radial structure represents an important aspect of processing at intermediate levels of form vision.
@article{wilkinson_fmri_2000,
title = {An {fMRI} study of the selective activation of human extrastriate form vision areas by radial and concentric gratings},
volume = {10},
abstract = {The ventral form vision pathway of the primate brain comprises a sequence of areas that include V1, V2, V4 and the inferior temporal cortex (IT) [1]. Although contour extraction in the V1 area and responses to complex images, such as faces, in the IT have been studied extensively, much less is known about shape extraction at intermediate cortical levels such as V4. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to demonstrate that the human V4 is more strongly activated by concentric and radial patterns than by conventional sinusoidal gratings. This is consistent with global pooling of local V1 orientations to extract concentric and radial shape information in V4. Furthermore, concentric patterns were found to be effective in activating the fusiform face area. These findings support recent psychophysical [2,3] and physiological [4,5] data indicating that analysis of concentric and radial structure represents an important aspect of processing at intermediate levels of form vision.},
number = {22},
journal = {Curr Biol},
author = {Wilkinson, F and James, T W and Wilson, H R and Gati, J S and Menon, R S and Goodale, M A},
year = {2000},
pmid = {11102809},
keywords = {Brain Mapping, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Vision/*physiology, Visual Cortex/*physiology, Visual Perception/*physiology},
pages = {1455--1458},
}Development of rat chorda tympani sodium responses: evidence for age-dependent changes in global amiloride-sensitive Na(+) channel kinetics. Hendricks, S J, Stewart, R E, Heck, G L, DeSimone, J A, & Hill, D L J Neurophysiol, 84(3):1531–1544, 2000. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0022-3077
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
In rat, chorda tympani nerve taste responses to Na(+) salts increase between roughly 10 and 45 days of age to reach stable, mature magnitudes. Previous evidence from in vitro preparations and from taste nerve responses using Na(+) channel blockers suggests that the physiological basis for this developmental increase in gustatory Na(+) sensitivity is the progressive addition of functional, Na(+) transduction elements (i.e., amiloride-sensitive Na(+) channels) to the apical membranes of fungiform papilla taste receptor cells. To avoid potential confounding effects of pharmacological interventions and to permit quantification of aggregate Na(+) channel behavior using a kinetic model, we obtained chorda tympani nerve responses to NaCl and sodium gluconate (NaGlu) during receptive field voltage clamp in rats aged from 12-14 to 60 days and older (60+ days). Significant, age-dependent increases in chorda tympani responses to these stimuli occurred as expected. Importantly, apical Na(+) channel density, estimated from an apical Na(+) channel kinetic model, increased monotonically with age. The maximum rate of Na(+) response increase occurred between postnatal days 12-14 and 29-31. In addition, estimated Na(+) channel affinity increased between 12-14 and 19-23 days of age, i.e., on a time course distinct from that of the maximum rate of Na(+) response increase. Finally, estimates of the fraction of clamp voltage dropped across taste receptor apical membranes decreased between 19-23 and 29-31 days of age for NaCl but remained stable for NaGlu. The stimulus dependence of this change is consistent with a developmental increase in taste bud tight junctional Cl(-) ion permeability that lags behind the developmental increase in apical Na(+) channel density. A significant, indirect anion influence on apical Na(+) channel properties was present at all ages tested. This influence was evident in the higher apparent apical Na(+) channel affinities obtained for NaCl relative to NaGlu. This stimulus-dependent modulation of apical Na(+) channel apparent affinity relies on differences in the transepithelial potentials between NaCl and NaGlu. These originate from differences in paracellular anion permeability but act also on the driving force for Na(+) through apical Na(+) channels. Detection of such an influence on taste depends fundamentally on the preservation of taste bud polarity and on a direct measure of sensory function, such as the response of primary afferents.
@article{hendricks_development_2000,
title = {Development of rat chorda tympani sodium responses: evidence for age-dependent changes in global amiloride-sensitive {Na}(+) channel kinetics.},
volume = {84},
abstract = {In rat, chorda tympani nerve taste responses to Na(+) salts increase between roughly 10 and 45 days of age to reach stable, mature magnitudes. Previous evidence from in vitro preparations and from taste nerve responses using Na(+) channel blockers suggests that the physiological basis for this developmental increase in gustatory Na(+) sensitivity is the progressive addition of functional, Na(+) transduction elements (i.e., amiloride-sensitive Na(+) channels) to the apical membranes of fungiform papilla taste receptor cells. To avoid potential confounding effects of pharmacological interventions and to permit quantification of aggregate Na(+) channel behavior using a kinetic model, we obtained chorda tympani nerve responses to NaCl and sodium gluconate (NaGlu) during receptive field voltage clamp in rats aged from 12-14 to 60 days and older (60+ days). Significant, age-dependent increases in chorda tympani responses to these stimuli occurred as expected. Importantly, apical Na(+) channel density, estimated from an apical Na(+) channel kinetic model, increased monotonically with age. The maximum rate of Na(+) response increase occurred between postnatal days 12-14 and 29-31. In addition, estimated Na(+) channel affinity increased between 12-14 and 19-23 days of age, i.e., on a time course distinct from that of the maximum rate of Na(+) response increase. Finally, estimates of the fraction of clamp voltage dropped across taste receptor apical membranes decreased between 19-23 and 29-31 days of age for NaCl but remained stable for NaGlu. The stimulus dependence of this change is consistent with a developmental increase in taste bud tight junctional Cl(-) ion permeability that lags behind the developmental increase in apical Na(+) channel density. A significant, indirect anion influence on apical Na(+) channel properties was present at all ages tested. This influence was evident in the higher apparent apical Na(+) channel affinities obtained for NaCl relative to NaGlu. This stimulus-dependent modulation of apical Na(+) channel apparent affinity relies on differences in the transepithelial potentials between NaCl and NaGlu. These originate from differences in paracellular anion permeability but act also on the driving force for Na(+) through apical Na(+) channels. Detection of such an influence on taste depends fundamentally on the preservation of taste bud polarity and on a direct measure of sensory function, such as the response of primary afferents.},
language = {eng},
number = {3},
journal = {J Neurophysiol},
author = {Hendricks, S J and Stewart, R E and Heck, G L and DeSimone, J A and Hill, D L},
year = {2000},
pmid = {10980025},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0022-3077},
keywords = {Aging, Amiloride, Ammonium Chloride, Animals, Chorda Tympani Nerve, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Gluconates, Male, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Sodium, Sodium Channels, Sodium Chloride, Stimulation, Chemical, Taste Buds, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {1531--1544},
}Founder BRCA1 mutations and two novel germline BRCA2 mutations in breast and/or ovarian cancer families from North-Eastern Poland. van Der Looij, M., Wysocka, B., Brozek, I., Jassem, J., Limon, J., & Olah, E. Hum Mutat, 15(5):480-1., 2000.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes account for the majority of high-risk breast/ovarian cancer families, depending on the population studied. Previously, BRCA1 mutations were described in women from Western Poland. To further characterize the spectrum of BRCA1 mutations and the impact of BRCA2 mutations in Poland, we have analyzed 25 high-risk breast and/or ovarian cancer families from North-Eastern Poland for mutations in all coding exons of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, using combined heteroduplex analysis/SSCP followed by direct DNA sequence analysis. Out of 25 probands a total of five (20%) carried three recurrent BRCA1 mutations (300T>G, 3819del5, 5382insC). The 300T>G mutation accounted for 60% (3/5) of BRCA1 mutations and allelotyping suggested a common founder of this mutation. No unique mutations were found. In addition, we identified three BRCA2 (12%) mutations, one recurrent 4075delGT, and two novel frameshift mutations, 7327ins/dupl19 and 9068delA. We conclude that 30% of high-risk families from North-Eastern Poland may be due to recurrent BRCA1 and unique BRCA2 mutations. Intriguingly, the BRCA1 mutation spectrum seems to be different within subregions of Poland.
@article{
title = {Founder BRCA1 mutations and two novel germline BRCA2 mutations in breast and/or ovarian cancer families from North-Eastern Poland},
type = {article},
year = {2000},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Founder Effect,Adult,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,BRCA1 Protein/*genetics,BRCA2 Protein,Breast Neoplasms/*genetics,Female,Genetic Markers/genetics,Germ-Line Mutation/*genetics,Human,Male,Middle Age,Neoplasm Proteins/*genetics,Ovarian Neoplasms/*genetics,Poland,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Transcription Factors/*genetics},
pages = {480-1.},
volume = {15},
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notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {Germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes account for the majority of high-risk breast/ovarian cancer families, depending on the population studied. Previously, BRCA1 mutations were described in women from Western Poland. To further characterize the spectrum of BRCA1 mutations and the impact of BRCA2 mutations in Poland, we have analyzed 25 high-risk breast and/or ovarian cancer families from North-Eastern Poland for mutations in all coding exons of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, using combined heteroduplex analysis/SSCP followed by direct DNA sequence analysis. Out of 25 probands a total of five (20%) carried three recurrent BRCA1 mutations (300T>G, 3819del5, 5382insC). The 300T>G mutation accounted for 60% (3/5) of BRCA1 mutations and allelotyping suggested a common founder of this mutation. No unique mutations were found. In addition, we identified three BRCA2 (12%) mutations, one recurrent 4075delGT, and two novel frameshift mutations, 7327ins/dupl19 and 9068delA. We conclude that 30% of high-risk families from North-Eastern Poland may be due to recurrent BRCA1 and unique BRCA2 mutations. Intriguingly, the BRCA1 mutation spectrum seems to be different within subregions of Poland.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {van Der Looij, M and Wysocka, B and Brozek, I and Jassem, J and Limon, J and Olah, E},
journal = {Hum Mutat},
number = {5}
}Characterization of natural illuminants in forests and the use of digital video data to reconstruct illuminant spectra. Chiao, C C, Osorio, D, Vorobyev, M, & Cronin, T W J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis, 17(10):1713–1721, 2000.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
We describe illumination spectra in forests and show that they can be accurately recovered from recorded digital video images. Natural illuminant spectra of 238 samples measured in temperate forests were characterized by principal-component analysis. The spectra can be accurately approximated by the mean and the first two principal components. Compared with illumination under open skies, the loci of forest illuminants are displaced toward the green region in the chromaticity plots, and unlike open sky illumination they cannot be characterized by correlated color temperature. We show that it is possible to recover illuminant spectra accurately from digital video images by a linear least-squares-fit estimation technique. The use of digital video data in spectral analysis provides a promising new approach to the studies of the spatial and temporal variation of illumination in natural scenes and the understanding of color vision in natural environments.
@article{chiao_characterization_2000,
title = {Characterization of natural illuminants in forests and the use of digital video data to reconstruct illuminant spectra},
volume = {17},
abstract = {We describe illumination spectra in forests and show that they can be accurately recovered from recorded digital video images. Natural illuminant spectra of 238 samples measured in temperate forests were characterized by principal-component analysis. The spectra can be accurately approximated by the mean and the first two principal components. Compared with illumination under open skies, the loci of forest illuminants are displaced toward the green region in the chromaticity plots, and unlike open sky illumination they cannot be characterized by correlated color temperature. We show that it is possible to recover illuminant spectra accurately from digital video images by a linear least-squares-fit estimation technique. The use of digital video data in spectral analysis provides a promising new approach to the studies of the spatial and temporal variation of illumination in natural scenes and the understanding of color vision in natural environments.},
number = {10},
journal = {J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis},
author = {Chiao, C C and Osorio, D and Vorobyev, M and Cronin, T W},
year = {2000},
pmid = {11028519},
keywords = {*Color, *Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, *Light, *Nature, *Trees, *Videotape Recording, Computers, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
pages = {1713--1721},
}Why are the majority of hereditary cases of early-onset breast cancer sporadic? A simulation study. Cui, J. & Hopper, J., L. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 9(8):805-12., 2000.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex Population-based studies, including those of Ashkenazi Jews, have observed that at least 50% of women with early-onset breast cancer who carry a germ line mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 do not report a family history of the disease. That is, the majority of "hereditary" cases are "sporadic." Furthermore, the great majority of "familial breast cancers" are not hereditary. We conducted a simulation study to evaluate the probability that a woman with early-onset breast cancer is a mutation carrier, given the number of affected relatives, for a range of plausible values of allele frequency (0.001-0.01), and increased risk in mutation carriers (5-20, equivalent to cumulative risks to age 70 of 25-70%, respectively, for Australian women). Families consisted of a case proband and her mother, sisters, and maternal and paternal grandmothers, and aunts. The numbers of sisters and aunts were generated according to Poisson distributions, and ages were assigned according to a Weibull distribution. The simulated distributions of family history and of the prevalence of mutation carriers among case probands were in general similar to those observed in population-based studies, although there was a suggestion of heterogeneity of breast cancer risk in mutation carriers. As is being observed empirically in population-based samples, a family history of breast cancer was not a strong predictor of mutation status; each affected female relative increased the risk of being a mutation carrier by only 2- to 3-fold. The probability of being a mutation carrier was generally low, except in families with extreme histories of breast cancer.
@article{
title = {Why are the majority of hereditary cases of early-onset breast cancer sporadic? A simulation study},
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pages = {805-12.},
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notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {Population-based studies, including those of Ashkenazi Jews, have observed that at least 50% of women with early-onset breast cancer who carry a germ line mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 do not report a family history of the disease. That is, the majority of "hereditary" cases are "sporadic." Furthermore, the great majority of "familial breast cancers" are not hereditary. We conducted a simulation study to evaluate the probability that a woman with early-onset breast cancer is a mutation carrier, given the number of affected relatives, for a range of plausible values of allele frequency (0.001-0.01), and increased risk in mutation carriers (5-20, equivalent to cumulative risks to age 70 of 25-70%, respectively, for Australian women). Families consisted of a case proband and her mother, sisters, and maternal and paternal grandmothers, and aunts. The numbers of sisters and aunts were generated according to Poisson distributions, and ages were assigned according to a Weibull distribution. The simulated distributions of family history and of the prevalence of mutation carriers among case probands were in general similar to those observed in population-based studies, although there was a suggestion of heterogeneity of breast cancer risk in mutation carriers. As is being observed empirically in population-based samples, a family history of breast cancer was not a strong predictor of mutation status; each affected female relative increased the risk of being a mutation carrier by only 2- to 3-fold. The probability of being a mutation carrier was generally low, except in families with extreme histories of breast cancer.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Cui, J and Hopper, J L},
journal = {Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev},
number = {8}
}The genetically isolated populations of Finland and sardinia may not be a panacea for linkage disequilibrium mapping of common disease genes. Eaves, I., A., Merriman, T., R., Barber, R., A., Nutland, S., Tuomilehto-Wolf, E., Tuomilehto, J., Cucca, F., & Todd, J., A. Nat Genet, 25(3):320-3., 2000.
Paper Website abstract bibtex
Paper Website abstract bibtex The choice of which population to study in the mapping of common disease genes may be critical. Isolated founder populations, such as that found in Finland, have already proved extremely useful for mapping the genes for specific rare monogenic disorders and are being used in attempts to map the genes underlying common, complex diseases. But simulation results suggest that, under the common disease-common variant hypothesis, most isolated populations will prove no more useful for linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping of common disease genes than large outbred populations. There is very little empirical data to either support or refute this conclusion at present. Therefore, we evaluated LD between 21 common microsatellite polymorphisms on chromosome 18q21 in 2 genetic isolates (Finland and Sardinia) and compared the results with those observed in two mixed populations (United Kingdom and United States of America). Mean levels of LD were similar across all four populations. Our results provide empirical support for the expectation that genetic isolates like Finland and Sardinia will not prove significantly more valuable than general populations for LD mapping of common variants underlying complex disease.
@article{
title = {The genetically isolated populations of Finland and sardinia may not be a panacea for linkage disequilibrium mapping of common disease genes},
type = {article},
year = {2000},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18,*Linkage Disequilibrium,Chromosome Mapping,Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent/*genetics,Finland,Genotype,Human,Italy,Microsatellite Repeats,Polymorphism (Genetics),Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
pages = {320-3.},
volume = {25},
websites = {http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/ng/journal/v25/n3/full/ng0700_320.html,http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/ng/journal/v25/n3/abs/ng0700_320.html},
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abstract = {The choice of which population to study in the mapping of common disease genes may be critical. Isolated founder populations, such as that found in Finland, have already proved extremely useful for mapping the genes for specific rare monogenic disorders and are being used in attempts to map the genes underlying common, complex diseases. But simulation results suggest that, under the common disease-common variant hypothesis, most isolated populations will prove no more useful for linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping of common disease genes than large outbred populations. There is very little empirical data to either support or refute this conclusion at present. Therefore, we evaluated LD between 21 common microsatellite polymorphisms on chromosome 18q21 in 2 genetic isolates (Finland and Sardinia) and compared the results with those observed in two mixed populations (United Kingdom and United States of America). Mean levels of LD were similar across all four populations. Our results provide empirical support for the expectation that genetic isolates like Finland and Sardinia will not prove significantly more valuable than general populations for LD mapping of common variants underlying complex disease.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Eaves, I A and Merriman, T R and Barber, R A and Nutland, S and Tuomilehto-Wolf, E and Tuomilehto, J and Cucca, F and Todd, J A},
journal = {Nat Genet},
number = {3}
}Unique origin and specific ethnic distribution of the Friedreich ataxia GAA expansion. Labuda, M., Labuda, D., Miranda, C., Poirier, J., Soong, B., W., Barucha, N., E., & Pandolfo, M. Neurology, 54(12):2322-4., 2000.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex The GAA triplet repeat expansion that causes Friedreich ataxia is found only in individuals of European, North African, Middle Eastern, or Indian origin (Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic speakers). Analysis of normal alleles of the GAA repeat and of closely linked markers suggests that expansions arose through a unique two-step process. A major implication of these findings is that Friedreich ataxia may not exist among sub-Saharan Africans, Amerindians, and people from China, Japan, and Southeast Asia.
@article{
title = {Unique origin and specific ethnic distribution of the Friedreich ataxia GAA expansion},
type = {article},
year = {2000},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {Africa, Northern,Alleles,Asia,Caucasoid Race/genetics,Europe,Founder Effect,Friedreich Ataxia/*ethnology/*genetics,Genetic Markers,Haplotypes,Linkage (Genetics),Middle East,Mongoloid Race/genetics,Negroid Race/genetics,Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/genet,Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion/*genetics},
pages = {2322-4.},
volume = {54},
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created = {2017-06-19T13:42:59.384Z},
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last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:42:59.530Z},
tags = {02/02/06},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {The GAA triplet repeat expansion that causes Friedreich ataxia is found only in individuals of European, North African, Middle Eastern, or Indian origin (Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic speakers). Analysis of normal alleles of the GAA repeat and of closely linked markers suggests that expansions arose through a unique two-step process. A major implication of these findings is that Friedreich ataxia may not exist among sub-Saharan Africans, Amerindians, and people from China, Japan, and Southeast Asia.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Labuda, M and Labuda, D and Miranda, C and Poirier, J and Soong, B W and Barucha, N E and Pandolfo, M},
journal = {Neurology},
number = {12}
}Neural representation and the cortical code. deCharms , R C & Zador, A Annu Rev Neurosci, 23:613–647, 2000. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0147-006X
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
The principle function of the central nervous system is to represent and transform information and thereby mediate appropriate decisions and behaviors. The cerebral cortex is one of the primary seats of the internal representations maintained and used in perception, memory, decision making, motor control, and subjective experience, but the basic coding scheme by which this information is carried and transformed by neurons is not yet fully understood. This article defines and reviews how information is represented in the firing rates and temporal patterns of populations of cortical neurons, with a particular emphasis on how this information mediates behavior and experience.
@article{decharms_neural_2000,
title = {Neural representation and the cortical code.},
volume = {23},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.613},
abstract = {The principle function of the central nervous system is to represent and transform information and thereby mediate appropriate decisions and behaviors. The cerebral cortex is one of the primary seats of the internal representations maintained and used in perception, memory, decision making, motor control, and subjective experience, but the basic coding scheme by which this information is carried and transformed by neurons is not yet fully understood. This article defines and reviews how information is represented in the firing rates and temporal patterns of populations of cortical neurons, with a particular emphasis on how this information mediates behavior and experience.},
language = {eng},
journal = {Annu Rev Neurosci},
author = {deCharms, R C and Zador, A},
year = {2000},
pmid = {10845077},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0147-006X},
keywords = {Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Mental Processes, Models, Neurological, Nervous System Physiology, OR Journal Club, Sensation, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s., review},
pages = {613--647},
}1999 (9)
Velocity invariance of receptive field structure in somatosensory cortical area 3b of the alert monkey. DiCarlo, J J & Johnson, K O J Neurosci, 19(1):401–419, 1999. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0270-6474
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
This is the second in a series of studies of the neural representation of tactile spatial form in cortical area 3b of the alert monkey. We previously studied the spatial structure of 330 area 3b neuronal receptive fields (RFs) on the fingerpad with random dot patterns scanned at one velocity (40 mm/sec; ). Here, we analyze the temporal structure of 84 neuronal RFs by studying their spatial structure at three scanning velocities (20, 40, and 80 mm/sec). As in the previous study, most RFs contained a single, central, excitatory region and one or more surrounding or flanking inhibitory regions. The mean time delay between skin stimulation and its excitatory effect was 15.5 msec. Except for differences in mean rate, each neuron's response and the spatial structure of its RF were essentially unaffected by scanning velocity. This is the expected outcome when excitatory and inhibitory effects are brief and synchronous. However, that interpretation is consistent neither with the reported timing of excitation and inhibition in somatosensory cortex nor with the third study in this series, which investigates the effect of scanning direction and shows that one component of inhibition lags behind excitation. We reconcile these observations by showing that overlapping (in-field) inhibition delayed relative to excitation can produce RF spatial structure that is unaffected by changes in scanning velocity. Regardless of the mechanisms, the velocity invariance of area 3b RF structure is consistent with the velocity invariance of tactile spatial perception (e.g., roughness estimation and form recognition).
@article{dicarlo_velocity_1999,
title = {Velocity invariance of receptive field structure in somatosensory cortical area 3b of the alert monkey.},
volume = {19},
abstract = {This is the second in a series of studies of the neural representation of tactile spatial form in cortical area 3b of the alert monkey. We previously studied the spatial structure of 330 area 3b neuronal receptive fields (RFs) on the fingerpad with random dot patterns scanned at one velocity (40 mm/sec; ). Here, we analyze the temporal structure of 84 neuronal RFs by studying their spatial structure at three scanning velocities (20, 40, and 80 mm/sec). As in the previous study, most RFs contained a single, central, excitatory region and one or more surrounding or flanking inhibitory regions. The mean time delay between skin stimulation and its excitatory effect was 15.5 msec. Except for differences in mean rate, each neuron's response and the spatial structure of its RF were essentially unaffected by scanning velocity. This is the expected outcome when excitatory and inhibitory effects are brief and synchronous. However, that interpretation is consistent neither with the reported timing of excitation and inhibition in somatosensory cortex nor with the third study in this series, which investigates the effect of scanning direction and shows that one component of inhibition lags behind excitation. We reconcile these observations by showing that overlapping (in-field) inhibition delayed relative to excitation can produce RF spatial structure that is unaffected by changes in scanning velocity. Regardless of the mechanisms, the velocity invariance of area 3b RF structure is consistent with the velocity invariance of tactile spatial perception (e.g., roughness estimation and form recognition).},
language = {eng},
number = {1},
journal = {J Neurosci},
author = {DiCarlo, J J and Johnson, K O},
year = {1999},
pmid = {9870969},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0270-6474},
keywords = {Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Brain Mapping, Cortical Synchronization, Evoked Potentials, Female, Macaca mulatta, Male, Neural Inhibition, Somatosensory Cortex, Visual Fields, comparative study, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {401--419},
}Do infants learn grammar with algebra or statistics?. Eimas, P. Science, 284(5413):435-6; author reply 436-7, 1999.
bibtex
bibtex
@Article{Eimas1999,
author = {PD Eimas},
journal = {Science},
title = {Do infants learn grammar with algebra or statistics?},
year = {1999},
number = {5413},
pages = {435-6; author reply 436-7},
volume = {284},
keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, 9872745},
}Individual differences in prefrontal activation asymmetry predict natural killer cell activity at rest and in response to challenge. Davidson, R J, Coe, C C, Dolski, I, & Donzella, B Brain Behav Immun, 13(2):93–108, 1999.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Reliable individual differences in electrophysiological measures of prefrontal activation asymmetry exist and predict dispositional mood and other psychological and biological indices of affective style. Subjects with greater relative right-sided activation report more dispositional negative affect and react with greater intensity to negative emotional challenges than their left-activated counterparts. We previously established that such individual differences in measures of prefrontal activation asymmetry were related to basal NK function, with left-activated subjects exhibiting higher levels of NK function than right-activated subjects. The present study was designed to replicate and extend these earlier findings. Subjects were tested in five experimental sessions over the course of 1 year. During the first two sessions, baseline measures of brain electrical activity were obtained to derive indices of asymmetric activation. During sessions 3 and 4, blood samples were taken during a nonstressful period in the semester and then 24 h prior to the subjects' most important final examination. During session 5, subjects were presented with positive and negative film clips 30 min in duration. Blood samples were obtained before and after the film clips. Subjects with greater relative right-sided activation at baseline showed lower levels of basal NK function. They also showed a greater decrease in NK function during the final exam period compared to the baseline period. Subjects with greater relative left-sided activation showed a larger increase in NK function from before to after the positive film clip. These findings indicate that individual differences in electrophysiological measures of asymmetric prefrontal activation account for a significant portion of variance in both basal levels of, and change in NK function.
@article{davidson_individual_1999,
title = {Individual differences in prefrontal activation asymmetry predict natural killer cell activity at rest and in response to challenge},
volume = {13},
abstract = {Reliable individual differences in electrophysiological measures of prefrontal activation asymmetry exist and predict dispositional mood and other psychological and biological indices of affective style. Subjects with greater relative right-sided activation report more dispositional negative affect and react with greater intensity to negative emotional challenges than their left-activated counterparts. We previously established that such individual differences in measures of prefrontal activation asymmetry were related to basal NK function, with left-activated subjects exhibiting higher levels of NK function than right-activated subjects. The present study was designed to replicate and extend these earlier findings. Subjects were tested in five experimental sessions over the course of 1 year. During the first two sessions, baseline measures of brain electrical activity were obtained to derive indices of asymmetric activation. During sessions 3 and 4, blood samples were taken during a nonstressful period in the semester and then 24 h prior to the subjects' most important final examination. During session 5, subjects were presented with positive and negative film clips 30 min in duration. Blood samples were obtained before and after the film clips. Subjects with greater relative right-sided activation at baseline showed lower levels of basal NK function. They also showed a greater decrease in NK function during the final exam period compared to the baseline period. Subjects with greater relative left-sided activation showed a larger increase in NK function from before to after the positive film clip. These findings indicate that individual differences in electrophysiological measures of asymmetric prefrontal activation account for a significant portion of variance in both basal levels of, and change in NK function.},
number = {2},
journal = {Brain Behav Immun},
author = {Davidson, R J and Coe, C C and Dolski, I and Donzella, B},
year = {1999},
pmid = {10373275},
keywords = {*Individuality, Adolescent, Adult, Electroencephalography, Emotions/physiology, Female, Humans, Killer Cells, Natural/*immunology, Laterality/*physiology, Male, Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
pages = {93--108},
}Impaired face and word recognition without object agnosia. Buxbaum, L J, Glosser, G, & Coslett, H B Neuropsychologia, 37(1):41–50, 1999.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
A leading account of high-level visual recognition proposes that the recognition of faces, objects, and words is mediated by two processing capacities. Words are assumed to require the capacity to represent numerous parts, whereas faces are processed wholistically. and hence require the representation of complex units. Object recognition requires the capacity to represent both numerous and complex parts. As object recognition depends upon the same processing capacities underlying face and word recognition, this account predicts that patients with severe alexia and prosopagnosia should be deficient in tests of object recognition. We report a patient who is unable to recognize words or faces, yet performs relatively well on tests of object recognition. The two-capacity theory cannot accommodate this pattern of performance without additional assumptions.
@article{buxbaum_impaired_1999,
title = {Impaired face and word recognition without object agnosia},
volume = {37},
abstract = {A leading account of high-level visual recognition proposes that the recognition of faces, objects, and words is mediated by two processing capacities. Words are assumed to require the capacity to represent numerous parts, whereas faces are processed wholistically. and hence require the representation of complex units. Object recognition requires the capacity to represent both numerous and complex parts. As object recognition depends upon the same processing capacities underlying face and word recognition, this account predicts that patients with severe alexia and prosopagnosia should be deficient in tests of object recognition. We report a patient who is unable to recognize words or faces, yet performs relatively well on tests of object recognition. The two-capacity theory cannot accommodate this pattern of performance without additional assumptions.},
number = {1},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
author = {Buxbaum, L J and Glosser, G and Coslett, H B},
year = {1999},
pmid = {9920470},
keywords = {Agnosia/*psychology, Face, Humans, Language Tests, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Reading, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Perception/*physiology},
pages = {41--50},
}Attention accesses multiple reference frames: evidence from visual neglect. Behrmann, M & Tipper, S P J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 25(1):83–101, 1999.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Research with normal participants has demonstrated that mechanisms of selective attention can simultaneously gain access to internal representations of spatial information defined with respect to both location- and object-based frames of reference. The present study demonstrates that patients with unilateral spatial neglect following a right-hemisphere lesion are poorer at detecting information on the contralateral left side in both location- and object-based spatial coordinates simultaneously. Moreover, the extent of the neglect is modulated by the probability of a target's appearing in either reference frame; as the probability of sampling a target in a particular frame of reference increases, so does the severity of neglect in the frame. These findings suggest that attention can be flexibly and strategically assigned to a reference frame depending on the contingencies of the task.
@article{behrmann_attention_1999,
title = {Attention accesses multiple reference frames: evidence from visual neglect},
volume = {25},
abstract = {Research with normal participants has demonstrated that mechanisms of selective attention can simultaneously gain access to internal representations of spatial information defined with respect to both location- and object-based frames of reference. The present study demonstrates that patients with unilateral spatial neglect following a right-hemisphere lesion are poorer at detecting information on the contralateral left side in both location- and object-based spatial coordinates simultaneously. Moreover, the extent of the neglect is modulated by the probability of a target's appearing in either reference frame; as the probability of sampling a target in a particular frame of reference increases, so does the severity of neglect in the frame. These findings suggest that attention can be flexibly and strategically assigned to a reference frame depending on the contingencies of the task.},
number = {1},
journal = {J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform},
author = {Behrmann, M and Tipper, S P},
year = {1999},
pmid = {10069027},
keywords = {*Attention, *Field Dependence-Independence, *Orientation, *Pattern Recognition, Visual, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain Damage, Chronic/diagnosis, Dominance, Cerebral, Female, Hemianopsia/diagnosis, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
pages = {83--101},
}Contextual influences in V1 as a basis for pop out and asymmetry in visual search. Li, Z Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96(18):10530-5, 1999.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
I use a model to show how simple, bottom-up, neural mechanisms in primary visual cortex can qualitatively explain the preattentive component of complex psychophysical phenomena of visual search for a target among distracters. Depending on the image features, the speed of search ranges from fast, when a target pops-out or is instantaneously detectable, to very slow, and it can be asymmetric with respect to switches between the target and distracter objects. It has been unclear which neural mechanisms or even cortical areas control the ease of search, and no physiological correlate has been found for search asymmetry. My model suggests that contextual influences in V1 play a significant role.
@Article{Li1999,
author = {Z Li},
journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
title = {Contextual influences in {V}1 as a basis for pop out and asymmetry in visual search.},
year = {1999},
number = {18},
pages = {10530-5},
volume = {96},
abstract = {I use a model to show how simple, bottom-up, neural mechanisms in
primary visual cortex can qualitatively explain the preattentive
component of complex psychophysical phenomena of visual search for
a target among distracters. Depending on the image features, the
speed of search ranges from fast, when a target pops-out or is instantaneously
detectable, to very slow, and it can be asymmetric with respect to
switches between the target and distracter objects. It has been unclear
which neural mechanisms or even cortical areas control the ease of
search, and no physiological correlate has been found for search
asymmetry. My model suggests that contextual influences in V1 play
a significant role.},
keywords = {Animals, Attention, Computer Simulation, Human, Models, Neurological, Neurons, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, Adolescent, Adult, Color Perception, Female, Male, Middle Aged, Psychological, Psychophysics, Non-U.S. Gov't, Interneurons, Pyramidal Cells, Reaction Time, Synapses, 10468643},
}Inbreeding effects on fertility in humans: evidence for reproductive compensation. Ober, C., Hyslop, T., & Hauck, W., W. Am J Hum Genet, 64(1):225-231, 1999.
Paper abstract bibtex
Paper abstract bibtex The effects of inbreeding on prereproductive mortality have been demonstrated in many natural populations, including humans. However, little is known about the effects in inbred individuals who survive to adulthood. We have investigated the effects of inbreeding on fertility among inbred adult Hutterites and demonstrate significantly reduced fecundity among the most inbred Hutterite women, as evidenced by longer interbirth intervals (P=.024) and longer intervals to a recognized pregnancy (P=.010) but not by increased rates of fetal loss (P>.50). These data suggest the presence of recessive alleles that adversely affect fecundity among the population. In contrast, completed family sizes do not differ among the more and the less-inbred Hutterite women who were born after 1920, suggesting that reproductive compensation is occurring among the more-inbred and less-fecund women. This recent reproductive strategy would facilitate the maintenance of recessive alleles and contribute to an overall decline in fertility in the population.
@article{
title = {Inbreeding effects on fertility in humans: evidence for reproductive compensation},
type = {article},
year = {1999},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Consanguinity,Adult,Female,Fertility/*genetics,Human,Male,Maternal Age,Parity,Pregnancy,Pregnancy Outcome,Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Survival Analysis},
pages = {225-231},
volume = {64},
id = {711dce5e-f621-38d7-b578-243db54df1d0},
created = {2017-06-19T13:45:55.794Z},
file_attached = {true},
profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:45:55.913Z},
tags = {04/11/22},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {The effects of inbreeding on prereproductive mortality have been demonstrated in many natural populations, including humans. However, little is known about the effects in inbred individuals who survive to adulthood. We have investigated the effects of inbreeding on fertility among inbred adult Hutterites and demonstrate significantly reduced fecundity among the most inbred Hutterite women, as evidenced by longer interbirth intervals (P=.024) and longer intervals to a recognized pregnancy (P=.010) but not by increased rates of fetal loss (P>.50). These data suggest the presence of recessive alleles that adversely affect fecundity among the population. In contrast, completed family sizes do not differ among the more and the less-inbred Hutterite women who were born after 1920, suggesting that reproductive compensation is occurring among the more-inbred and less-fecund women. This recent reproductive strategy would facilitate the maintenance of recessive alleles and contribute to an overall decline in fertility in the population.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Ober, C and Hyslop, T and Hauck, W W},
journal = {Am J Hum Genet},
number = {1}
}Neural correlates of decision variables in parietal cortex. Platt, M. L. & Glimcher, P. W. Nature, 400(6741):233-8, 1999.
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Decision theory proposes that humans and animals decide what to do in a given situation by assessing the relative value of each possible response. This assessment can be computed, in part, from the probability that each action will result in a gain and the magnitude of the gain expected. Here we show that the gain (or reward) a monkey can expect to realize from an eye-movement response modulates the activity of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area, an area of primate cortex that is thought to transform visual signals into eye-movement commands. We also show that the activity of these neurons is sensitive to the probability that a particular response will result in a gain. When animals can choose freely between two alternative responses, the choices subjects make and neuronal activation in this area are both correlated with the relative amount of gain that the animal can expect from each response. Our data indicate that a decision-theoretic model may provide a powerful new framework for studying the neural processes that intervene between sensation and action.
@Article{Platt1999,
author = {M. L. Platt and P. W. Glimcher},
journal = {Nature},
title = {Neural correlates of decision variables in parietal cortex.},
year = {1999},
number = {6741},
pages = {233-8},
volume = {400},
abstract = {Decision theory proposes that humans and animals decide what to do
in a given situation by assessing the relative value of each possible
response. This assessment can be computed, in part, from the probability
that each action will result in a gain and the magnitude of the gain
expected. Here we show that the gain (or reward) a monkey can expect
to realize from an eye-movement response modulates the activity of
neurons in the lateral intraparietal area, an area of primate cortex
that is thought to transform visual signals into eye-movement commands.
We also show that the activity of these neurons is sensitive to the
probability that a particular response will result in a gain. When
animals can choose freely between two alternative responses, the
choices subjects make and neuronal activation in this area are both
correlated with the relative amount of gain that the animal can expect
from each response. Our data indicate that a decision-theoretic model
may provide a powerful new framework for studying the neural processes
that intervene between sensation and action.},
doi = {10.1038/22268},
keywords = {Afferent, Animals, Color Perception, Decision Making, Eye Movements, Fixation, Macaca, Models, Motor Neurons, Neurological, Neurons, Non-U.S. Gov't, Ocular, P.H.S., Parietal Lobe, Probability, Research Support, Reward, U.S. Gov't, 10421355},
}Familial antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: criteria for disease and evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance. Goel, N, Ortel, T L, Bali, D, Anderson, J P, Gourley, I S, Smith, H, Morris, C A, DeSimone, M, Branch, D W, Ford, P, Berdeaux, D, Roubey, R A, Kostyu, D D, Kingsmore, S F, Thiel, T, Amos, C, & Seldin, M F Arthritis Rheum, 42(2):318–327, 1999. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0004-3591
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
OBJECTIVE: To develop diagnostic criteria for a familial form of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), identify families with \textgreater1 affected member, examine possible modes of inheritance, and determine linkage to potential candidate genes. METHODS: Family members of probands with primary APS were analyzed for clinical and laboratory abnormalities associated with APS. Families with \textgreater or =2 affected members were analyzed by segregation analysis and typed for candidate genetic markers. RESULTS: Seven families were identified. Thirty of 101 family members met diagnostic criteria for APS. Segregation studies rejected both environmental and autosomal recessive models, and the data were best fit by either a dominant or codominant model. Linkage analysis showed independent segregation of APS and several candidate genes. CONCLUSION: Clinical and laboratory criteria are essential to identify the spectrum of disease associated with APS. We believe a set of criteria was developed that can precisely define affected family members with APS. Modeling studies utilizing these criteria strongly support a genetic basis for disease in families with APS and suggest that a susceptibility gene is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. However, in these families, APS was not linked with HLA, Fas, or other candidate genes, including beta2-glycoprotein 1, HLA, T cell receptor beta chain, Ig heavy chain, antithrombin III, Fas ligand, factor V, complement factor H, IgK, and Fas.
@article{goel_familial_1999,
title = {Familial antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: criteria for disease and evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance.},
volume = {42},
doi = {10.1002/1529-0131(199902)42:2<318::AID-ANR15>3.0.CO;2-5},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To develop diagnostic criteria for a familial form of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), identify families with {\textgreater}1 affected member, examine possible modes of inheritance, and determine linkage to potential candidate genes. METHODS: Family members of probands with primary APS were analyzed for clinical and laboratory abnormalities associated with APS. Families with {\textgreater} or =2 affected members were analyzed by segregation analysis and typed for candidate genetic markers. RESULTS: Seven families were identified. Thirty of 101 family members met diagnostic criteria for APS. Segregation studies rejected both environmental and autosomal recessive models, and the data were best fit by either a dominant or codominant model. Linkage analysis showed independent segregation of APS and several candidate genes. CONCLUSION: Clinical and laboratory criteria are essential to identify the spectrum of disease associated with APS. We believe a set of criteria was developed that can precisely define affected family members with APS. Modeling studies utilizing these criteria strongly support a genetic basis for disease in families with APS and suggest that a susceptibility gene is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. However, in these families, APS was not linked with HLA, Fas, or other candidate genes, including beta2-glycoprotein 1, HLA, T cell receptor beta chain, Ig heavy chain, antithrombin III, Fas ligand, factor V, complement factor H, IgK, and Fas.},
language = {eng},
number = {2},
journal = {Arthritis Rheum},
author = {Goel, N and Ortel, T L and Bali, D and Anderson, J P and Gourley, I S and Smith, H and Morris, C A and DeSimone, M and Branch, D W and Ford, P and Berdeaux, D and Roubey, R A and Kostyu, D D and Kingsmore, S F and Thiel, T and Amos, C and Seldin, M F},
year = {1999},
pmid = {10025927},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0004-3591},
keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antiphospholipid Syndrome, DNA Primers, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Genes, Dominant, HLA-D Antigens, Histocompatibility Testing, Humans, Linkage (Genetics), Male, Middle Aged, Models, Genetic, Pedigree, Polymerase Chain Reaction, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {318--327},
}1998 (6)
Increasing communicative interactions of young children with autism using a voice output communication aid and naturalistic teaching. Schepis, M M, Reid, D H, Behrmann, M M, & Sutton, K A J Appl Behav Anal, 31(4):561–578, 1998.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
We evaluated the effects of a voice output communication aid (VOCA) and naturalistic teaching procedures on the communicative interactions of young children with autism. A teacher and three assistants were taught to use naturalistic teaching strategies to provide opportunities for VOCA use in the context of regularly occurring classroom routines. Naturalistic teaching procedures and VOCA use were introduced in multiple probe fashion across 4 children and two classroom routines (snack and play). As the procedures were implemented, all children showed increases in communicative interactions using VOCAs. Also, there was no apparent reductive effect of VOCA use within the naturalistic teaching paradigm on other communicative behaviors. Teachers' ratings of children's VOCA communication, as well as ratings of a person unfamiliar with the children, supported the contextual appropriateness of the VOCA. Probes likewise indicated that the children used the VOCAs for a variety of different messages including requests, yes and no responses, statements, and social comments. Results are discussed in regard to the potential benefits of a VOCA when combined with naturalistic teaching procedures. Future research needs are also discussed, focusing on more precise identification of the attributes of VOCA use for children with autism, as well as for their support personnel.
@article{schepis_increasing_1998,
title = {Increasing communicative interactions of young children with autism using a voice output communication aid and naturalistic teaching},
volume = {31},
abstract = {We evaluated the effects of a voice output communication aid (VOCA) and naturalistic teaching procedures on the communicative interactions of young children with autism. A teacher and three assistants were taught to use naturalistic teaching strategies to provide opportunities for VOCA use in the context of regularly occurring classroom routines. Naturalistic teaching procedures and VOCA use were introduced in multiple probe fashion across 4 children and two classroom routines (snack and play). As the procedures were implemented, all children showed increases in communicative interactions using VOCAs. Also, there was no apparent reductive effect of VOCA use within the naturalistic teaching paradigm on other communicative behaviors. Teachers' ratings of children's VOCA communication, as well as ratings of a person unfamiliar with the children, supported the contextual appropriateness of the VOCA. Probes likewise indicated that the children used the VOCAs for a variety of different messages including requests, yes and no responses, statements, and social comments. Results are discussed in regard to the potential benefits of a VOCA when combined with naturalistic teaching procedures. Future research needs are also discussed, focusing on more precise identification of the attributes of VOCA use for children with autism, as well as for their support personnel.},
number = {4},
journal = {J Appl Behav Anal},
author = {Schepis, M M and Reid, D H and Behrmann, M M and Sutton, K A},
year = {1998},
pmid = {9891394},
keywords = {*Voice, Autistic Disorder/*complications, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Speech Disorders/*complications/*therapy, Speech Therapy/*methods, Time Factors, Verbal Behavior},
pages = {561--578},
}The effect of face inversion on the human fusiform face area. Kanwisher, N, Tong, F, & Nakayama, K Cognition, 68(1):B1–11, 1998. ISBN: 0010-0277
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Inversion severely impairs the recognition of greyscale faces and the ability to see the stimulus as a face in two-tone Mooney images. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study the effect of face inversion on the human fusiform face area (FFA). MR signal intensity from the FFA was reduced when greyscale faces were presented upside-down, but this effect was small and inconsistent across subjects when subjects were required to attend to both upright and inverted faces. However when two-tone faces were inverted, the MR signal from the FFA was substantially reduced for all subjects. We conclude that (i) the FFA responds to faces per se, rather than to the low-level visual features present in faces, and (ii) inverted greyscale faces can strongly activate this face-specific mechanism.
@article{kanwisher_effect_1998,
title = {The effect of face inversion on the human fusiform face area},
volume = {68},
abstract = {Inversion severely impairs the recognition of greyscale faces and the ability to see the stimulus as a face in two-tone Mooney images. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study the effect of face inversion on the human fusiform face area (FFA). MR signal intensity from the FFA was reduced when greyscale faces were presented upside-down, but this effect was small and inconsistent across subjects when subjects were required to attend to both upright and inverted faces. However when two-tone faces were inverted, the MR signal from the FFA was substantially reduced for all subjects. We conclude that (i) the FFA responds to faces per se, rather than to the low-level visual features present in faces, and (ii) inverted greyscale faces can strongly activate this face-specific mechanism.},
language = {eng},
number = {1},
journal = {Cognition},
author = {Kanwisher, N and Tong, F and Nakayama, K},
year = {1998},
pmid = {9775518},
note = {ISBN: 0010-0277},
keywords = {Adult, Analysis of Variance, Face, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Memory, Short-Term, Mental Processes, Models, Neurological, Neuropsychological Tests, Occipital Lobe, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Reference Values, Statistics as Topic, Temporal Lobe, clinical trial, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s., research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {B1--11},
}How heritable is individual susceptibility to death? The results of an analysis of survival data on Danish, Swedish and Finnish twins. Iachine, I., A., Holm, N., V., Harris, J., R., Begun, A., Z., Iachina, M., K., Laitinen, M., Kaprio, J., & Yashin, A., I. Twin Res, 1(4):196-205, 1998.
Website abstract bibtex
Website abstract bibtex Molecular epidemiological studies confirm a substantial contribution of individual genes to variability in susceptibility to disease and death for humans. To evaluate the contribution of all genes to susceptibility and to estimate individual survival characteristics, survival data on related individuals (eg twins or other relatives) are needed. Correlated gamma-frailty models of bivariate survival are used in a joint analysis of survival data on more than 31,000 pairs of Danish, Swedish and Finnish male and female twins using the maximum likelihood method. Additive decomposition of frailty into genetic and environmental components is used to estimate heritability in frailty. The estimate of the standard deviation of frailty from the pooled data is about 1.5. The hypothesis that variance in frailty and correlations of frailty for twins are similar in the data from all three countries is accepted. The estimate of narrow-sense heritability in frailty is about 0.5. The age trajectories of individual hazards are evaluated for all three populations of twins and both sexes. The results of our analysis confirm the presence of genetic influences on individual frailty and longevity. They also suggest that the mechanism of these genetic influences may be similar for the three Scandinavian countries. Furthermore, results indicate that the increase in individual hazard with age is more rapid than predicted by traditional demographic life tables.
@article{
title = {How heritable is individual susceptibility to death? The results of an analysis of survival data on Danish, Swedish and Finnish twins},
type = {article},
year = {1998},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Death,*Genetic Predisposition to Disease,Adult,Age Factors,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Denmark,Disease Susceptibility,Environment,Epidemiology, Molecular,Female,Finland,Forecasting,Health,Humans,Life Tables,Likelihood Functions,Longevity/genetics,Male,Middle Aged,Models, Genetic,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.,Sex Factors,Survival Analysis,Sweden,Twins/*genetics},
pages = {196-205},
volume = {1},
websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10100811},
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source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>1369-0523<m:linebreak/>Journal Article<m:linebreak/>Twin Study</m:note>},
abstract = {Molecular epidemiological studies confirm a substantial contribution of individual genes to variability in susceptibility to disease and death for humans. To evaluate the contribution of all genes to susceptibility and to estimate individual survival characteristics, survival data on related individuals (eg twins or other relatives) are needed. Correlated gamma-frailty models of bivariate survival are used in a joint analysis of survival data on more than 31,000 pairs of Danish, Swedish and Finnish male and female twins using the maximum likelihood method. Additive decomposition of frailty into genetic and environmental components is used to estimate heritability in frailty. The estimate of the standard deviation of frailty from the pooled data is about 1.5. The hypothesis that variance in frailty and correlations of frailty for twins are similar in the data from all three countries is accepted. The estimate of narrow-sense heritability in frailty is about 0.5. The age trajectories of individual hazards are evaluated for all three populations of twins and both sexes. The results of our analysis confirm the presence of genetic influences on individual frailty and longevity. They also suggest that the mechanism of these genetic influences may be similar for the three Scandinavian countries. Furthermore, results indicate that the increase in individual hazard with age is more rapid than predicted by traditional demographic life tables.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Iachine, I A and Holm, N V and Harris, J R and Begun, A Z and Iachina, M K and Laitinen, M and Kaprio, J and Yashin, A I},
journal = {Twin Res},
number = {4}
}Building memories: remembering and forgetting of verbal experiences as predicted by brain activity. Wagner, A D, Schacter, D L, Rotte, M, Koutstaal, W, Maril, A, Dale, A M, Rosen, B R, & Buckner, R L Science, 281(5380):1188–1191, 1998. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0036-8075
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
A fundamental question about human memory is why some experiences are remembered whereas others are forgotten. Brain activation during word encoding was measured using blocked and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine how neural activation differs for subsequently remembered and subsequently forgotten experiences. Results revealed that the ability to later remember a verbal experience is predicted by the magnitude of activation in left prefrontal and temporal cortices during that experience. These findings provide direct evidence that left prefrontal and temporal regions jointly promote memory formation for verbalizable events.
@article{wagner_building_1998,
title = {Building memories: remembering and forgetting of verbal experiences as predicted by brain activity.},
volume = {281},
abstract = {A fundamental question about human memory is why some experiences are remembered whereas others are forgotten. Brain activation during word encoding was measured using blocked and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine how neural activation differs for subsequently remembered and subsequently forgotten experiences. Results revealed that the ability to later remember a verbal experience is predicted by the magnitude of activation in left prefrontal and temporal cortices during that experience. These findings provide direct evidence that left prefrontal and temporal regions jointly promote memory formation for verbalizable events.},
language = {eng},
number = {5380},
journal = {Science},
author = {Wagner, A D and Schacter, D L and Rotte, M and Koutstaal, W and Maril, A and Dale, A M and Rosen, B R and Buckner, R L},
year = {1998},
pmid = {9712582},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0036-8075},
keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Perception, Prefrontal Cortex, Temporal Lobe, comment, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {1188--1191},
}A cortical representation of the local visual environment. Epstein, R & Kanwisher, N Nature, 392(6676):598–601, 1998. ISBN: 0028-0836
doi abstract bibtex
doi abstract bibtex
Medial temporal brain regions such as the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal cortex have been generally implicated in navigation and visual memory. However, the specific function of each of these regions is not yet clear. Here we present evidence that a particular area within human parahippocampal cortex is involved in a critical component of navigation: perceiving the local visual environment. This region, which we name the 'parahippocampal place area' (PPA), responds selectively and automatically in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to passively viewed scenes, but only weakly to single objects and not at all to faces. The critical factor for this activation appears to be the presence in the stimulus of information about the layout of local space. The response in the PPA to scenes with spatial layout but no discrete objects (empty rooms) is as strong as the response to complex meaningful scenes containing multiple objects (the same rooms furnished) and over twice as strong as the response to arrays of multiple objects without three-dimensional spatial context (the furniture from these rooms on a blank background). This response is reduced if the surfaces in the scene are rearranged so that they no longer define a coherent space. We propose that the PPA represents places by encoding the geometry of the local environment.
@article{Epstein1998,
title = {A cortical representation of the local visual environment},
volume = {392},
doi = {10.1038/33402},
abstract = {Medial temporal brain regions such as the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal cortex have been generally implicated in navigation and visual memory. However, the specific function of each of these regions is not yet clear. Here we present evidence that a particular area within human parahippocampal cortex is involved in a critical component of navigation: perceiving the local visual environment. This region, which we name the 'parahippocampal place area' (PPA), responds selectively and automatically in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to passively viewed scenes, but only weakly to single objects and not at all to faces. The critical factor for this activation appears to be the presence in the stimulus of information about the layout of local space. The response in the PPA to scenes with spatial layout but no discrete objects (empty rooms) is as strong as the response to complex meaningful scenes containing multiple objects (the same rooms furnished) and over twice as strong as the response to arrays of multiple objects without three-dimensional spatial context (the furniture from these rooms on a blank background). This response is reduced if the surfaces in the scene are rearranged so that they no longer define a coherent space. We propose that the PPA represents places by encoding the geometry of the local environment.},
language = {eng},
number = {6676},
journal = {Nature},
author = {Epstein, R and Kanwisher, N},
year = {1998},
pmid = {9560155},
note = {ISBN: 0028-0836},
keywords = {Brain Mapping, Face, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, PPA, Photic Stimulation, Space Perception, Visual Perception, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {598--601},
}A common network of functional areas for attention and eye movements. Corbetta, M., Akbudak, E., Conturo, T., Snyder, A., Ollinger, J., Drury, H., Linenweber, M., Petersen, S., Raichle, M., Van Essen, D., & Shulman, G. Neuron, 21(4):761–73, 1998.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and surface-based representations of brain activity were used to compare the functional anatomy of two tasks, one involving covert shifts of attention to peripheral visual stimuli, the other involving both attentional and saccadic shifts to the same stimuli. Overlapping regional networks in parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes were active in both tasks. This anatomical overlap is consistent with the hypothesis that attentional and oculomotor processes are tightly integrated at the neural level.
@article{corbetta_common_1998,
title = {A common network of functional areas for attention and eye movements},
volume = {21},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9808463},
doi = {10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80593-0},
abstract = {Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and surface-based representations of brain activity were used to compare the functional anatomy of two tasks, one involving covert shifts of attention to peripheral visual stimuli, the other involving both attentional and saccadic shifts to the same stimuli. Overlapping regional networks in parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes were active in both tasks. This anatomical overlap is consistent with the hypothesis that attentional and oculomotor processes are tightly integrated at the neural level.},
number = {4},
journal = {Neuron},
author = {Corbetta, M. and Akbudak, E. and Conturo, T.E. and Snyder, A.Z. and Ollinger, J.M. and Drury, H.A. and Linenweber, M.R. and Petersen, S.E. and Raichle, M.E. and Van Essen, D.C. and Shulman, G.L.},
year = {1998},
keywords = {\#nosource, Adolescent, Adult, Attention/*physiology, Behavior/physiology, Brain Mapping, Brain/*physiology, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways/physiology, Photic Stimulation, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Saccades/*physiology},
pages = {761--73},
}1997 (2)
Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding the integrin alpha2 and alpha3 subunits from Xenopus laevis. Meng, F, Whittaker, C A, Ransom, D G, & DeSimone, D W Mech Dev, 67(2):141–155, 1997. Place: IRELAND ISBN: 0925-4773
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Integrins containing the alpha2 and alpha3 subunits associate with the beta1 subunit to form distinct receptors with partially overlapping adhesive specificities. We report the cloning and sequence of cDNAs that encode the Xenopus orthologues of integrins alpha2 and alpha3 and the expression of these subunits during embryogenesis. Integrin alpha2 and alpha3 mRNAs are first expressed in the dorsal mesoderm and developing notochord at gastrulation. We also show that alpha3 mRNAs are expressed in the entire marginal zone of gastrulae dorsalized with LiCl but that this localization is lost in embryos ventralized by ultraviolet light. Immunoblots reveal that the alpha3 protein is expressed throughout early development, however, the alpha2 protein is not detected until late tailbud stages. Injection of full-length alpha3 transcripts into the animal poles of fertilized eggs results in embryonic defects in paraxial mesoderm attributed to the failure of somites to form segments. Injection of the alpha3 transcripts into the vegetal pole and overexpression of a 5'-truncated alpha3 control construct have no apparent affect on development or somite formation. These data suggest that normal position-specific expression of integrins is important in maintaining the proper organization of tissues during early amphibian morphogenesis.
@article{meng_cloning_1997,
title = {Cloning and characterization of {cDNAs} encoding the integrin alpha2 and alpha3 subunits from {Xenopus} laevis.},
volume = {67},
abstract = {Integrins containing the alpha2 and alpha3 subunits associate with the beta1 subunit to form distinct receptors with partially overlapping adhesive specificities. We report the cloning and sequence of cDNAs that encode the Xenopus orthologues of integrins alpha2 and alpha3 and the expression of these subunits during embryogenesis. Integrin alpha2 and alpha3 mRNAs are first expressed in the dorsal mesoderm and developing notochord at gastrulation. We also show that alpha3 mRNAs are expressed in the entire marginal zone of gastrulae dorsalized with LiCl but that this localization is lost in embryos ventralized by ultraviolet light. Immunoblots reveal that the alpha3 protein is expressed throughout early development, however, the alpha2 protein is not detected until late tailbud stages. Injection of full-length alpha3 transcripts into the animal poles of fertilized eggs results in embryonic defects in paraxial mesoderm attributed to the failure of somites to form segments. Injection of the alpha3 transcripts into the vegetal pole and overexpression of a 5'-truncated alpha3 control construct have no apparent affect on development or somite formation. These data suggest that normal position-specific expression of integrins is important in maintaining the proper organization of tissues during early amphibian morphogenesis.},
language = {eng},
number = {2},
journal = {Mech Dev},
author = {Meng, F and Whittaker, C A and Ransom, D G and DeSimone, D W},
year = {1997},
pmid = {9392512},
note = {Place: IRELAND
ISBN: 0925-4773},
keywords = {Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Antibodies, Antigens, CD, Blotting, Northern, Body Patterning, Cloning, Molecular, DNA, Complementary, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Humans, Integrin alpha2, Integrin alpha3, Integrins, Molecular Sequence Data, Notochord, RNA, Messenger, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Xenopus laevis, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {141--155},
}Inhibitory tagging of locations in the blind field of hemianopic patients. Danziger, S., Fendrich, R., & Rafal, R. Consciousness and Cognition, 6(2-3):291–307, 1997.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex This study evaluated the potential contribution of extrageniculate visual pathways to oculomotor orienting reflexes in hemianopic patients. It tested whether extrageniculate pathways mediate inhibition of return (IOR)-a phenomenon characterized by slowed target detections at recently stimulated locations (Posner & Cohen, 1984). Because hemianopic subjects cannot overtly respond to stimuli presented within their hemianopic field, we utilized a spatial cueing paradigm that capitalized on the fact that IOR operates in spatiotopic coordinates. Subjects moved their eyes so that a cue and a target presented at the same spatial location were imaged successively onto blind and seeing portions of their retinas. One hemianopic patient showed a similar IOR effect from cues presented within both the seeing and the hemianopic fields. With a second hemianopic patient, only presentations of the cue to the subject's seeing field produced IOR. The explanation for this discrepancy is not evident. These observations highlight both the potential value and the pitfalls inherent in using "blindsight" as a window into human consciousness.
@article{danziger_inhibitory_1997,
title = {Inhibitory tagging of locations in the blind field of hemianopic patients},
volume = {6},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/Entrez/referer?http://www.idealibrary.com/links/citation/1053-8100/6/291},
doi = {10/d6wx53},
abstract = {This study evaluated the potential contribution of extrageniculate visual pathways to oculomotor orienting reflexes in hemianopic patients. It tested whether extrageniculate pathways mediate inhibition of return (IOR)-a phenomenon characterized by slowed target detections at recently stimulated locations (Posner \& Cohen, 1984). Because hemianopic subjects cannot overtly respond to stimuli presented within their hemianopic field, we utilized a spatial cueing paradigm that capitalized on the fact that IOR operates in spatiotopic coordinates. Subjects moved their eyes so that a cue and a target presented at the same spatial location were imaged successively onto blind and seeing portions of their retinas. One hemianopic patient showed a similar IOR effect from cues presented within both the seeing and the hemianopic fields. With a second hemianopic patient, only presentations of the cue to the subject's seeing field produced IOR. The explanation for this discrepancy is not evident. These observations highlight both the potential value and the pitfalls inherent in using "blindsight" as a window into human consciousness.},
number = {2-3},
journal = {Consciousness and Cognition},
author = {Danziger, S. and Fendrich, R. and Rafal, R.D.},
year = {1997},
keywords = {Brain Ischemia/complications/pathology, Brain/pathology, Case Report, Hemianopsia/complications/*diagnosis, Human, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Age, Reaction Time, Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Task Performance and Analysis},
pages = {291--307},
}1996 (2)
Three cognitive markers of unconscious semantic activation. Greenwald, A G, Draine, S C, & Abrams, R L Science, 273(5282):1699–1702, 1996. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0036-8075
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
A "response window" technique is described and used to reliably demonstrate unconscious activation of meaning by subliminal (visually masked) words. Visually masked prime words were shown to influence judged meaning of following target words. This priming-effect marker was used to identify two additional markers of unconscious semantic activation: (i) the activation is very short-lived (the target word must occur within about 100 milliseconds of the subliminal prime); and (ii) unlike supraliminal prime-target pairs, a subliminal pair leaves no memory trace that can be observed in response to the next prime-target pair. Thus, unconscious semantic activation is shown to be a readily reproducible phenomenon but also very limited in the duration of its effect.
@article{greenwald_three_1996,
title = {Three cognitive markers of unconscious semantic activation.},
volume = {273},
abstract = {A "response window" technique is described and used to reliably demonstrate unconscious activation of meaning by subliminal (visually masked) words. Visually masked prime words were shown to influence judged meaning of following target words. This priming-effect marker was used to identify two additional markers of unconscious semantic activation: (i) the activation is very short-lived (the target word must occur within about 100 milliseconds of the subliminal prime); and (ii) unlike supraliminal prime-target pairs, a subliminal pair leaves no memory trace that can be observed in response to the next prime-target pair. Thus, unconscious semantic activation is shown to be a readily reproducible phenomenon but also very limited in the duration of its effect.},
language = {eng},
number = {5282},
journal = {Science},
author = {Greenwald, A G and Draine, S C and Abrams, R L},
year = {1996},
pmid = {8781230},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0036-8075},
keywords = {Humans, Memory, Perception, Subliminal Stimulation, Time Factors, Unconscious (Psychology), research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s., research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {1699--1702},
}Response properties of units in the posterior auditory field deprived of input from the ipsilateral primary auditory cortex. Kitzes, L. & Hollrigel, G. Hear Res, 100(1-2):120-30, 1996. as cited in i̧teNPHeil1998
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
The influence of the ipsilateral primary auditory field (AI) on the response properties of neurons in the posterior auditory field (Field P) was examined in three cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Rate/level functions were obtained, by extracellular recording, from single units in Field P before (n = 38) and after (n = 50) subpial aspiration of AI. The ablations were primarily confined to the medial ectosylvian gyrus, although in one case extended into the high-frequency portion of the anterior auditory field. Comparisons between the behavior of units isolated before and after AI ablation failed to demonstrate any changes in the response properties of neurons in Field P attributable to the ablation. Nonmonotonic response profiles, first spike latency, variability in latency, threshold and maximal discharge rates of the units to acoustic stimuli were not significantly altered by the AI ablation. These results indicate that the basic response properties of neurons in Field P do not depend on input from the ipsilateral AI. This suggests that these properties are most likely determined by thalamic input or by circuitry within Field P.
@Article{Kitzes1996,
author = {LM Kitzes and GS Hollrigel},
journal = {Hear Res},
title = {Response properties of units in the posterior auditory field deprived of input from the ipsilateral primary auditory cortex.},
year = {1996},
note = {as cited in \citeNP{Heil1998}},
number = {1-2},
pages = {120-30},
volume = {100},
abstract = {The influence of the ipsilateral primary auditory field (AI) on the
response properties of neurons in the posterior auditory field (Field
P) was examined in three cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital.
Rate/level functions were obtained, by extracellular recording, from
single units in Field P before (n = 38) and after (n = 50) subpial
aspiration of AI. The ablations were primarily confined to the medial
ectosylvian gyrus, although in one case extended into the high-frequency
portion of the anterior auditory field. Comparisons between the behavior
of units isolated before and after AI ablation failed to demonstrate
any changes in the response properties of neurons in Field P attributable
to the ablation. Nonmonotonic response profiles, first spike latency,
variability in latency, threshold and maximal discharge rates of
the units to acoustic stimuli were not significantly altered by the
AI ablation. These results indicate that the basic response properties
of neurons in Field P do not depend on input from the ipsilateral
AI. This suggests that these properties are most likely determined
by thalamic input or by circuitry within Field P.},
keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, Signal Detection (Psychology), Judgment, ROC Curve, Regression Analysis, 8922986},
}1995 (2)
Categorical effects in the perception of faces. Beale, J M & Keil, F C Cognition, 57(3):217–239, 1995.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
These studies suggest categorical perception effects may be much more general than has commonly been believed and can occur in apparently similar ways at dramatically different levels of processing. To test the nature of individual face representations, a linear continuum of "morphed" faces was generated between individual exemplars of familiar faces. In separate categorization, discrimination and "better-likeness" tasks, subjects viewed pairs of faces from these continua. Subjects discriminate most accurately when face-pairs straddle apparent category boundaries; thus individual faces are perceived categorically. A high correlation is found between the familiarity of a face-pair and the magnitude of the categorization effect. Categorical perception therefore is not limited to low-level perceptual continua, but can occur at higher levels and may be acquired through experience as well.
@article{beale_categorical_1995,
title = {Categorical effects in the perception of faces},
volume = {57},
abstract = {These studies suggest categorical perception effects may be much more general than has commonly been believed and can occur in apparently similar ways at dramatically different levels of processing. To test the nature of individual face representations, a linear continuum of "morphed" faces was generated between individual exemplars of familiar faces. In separate categorization, discrimination and "better-likeness" tasks, subjects viewed pairs of faces from these continua. Subjects discriminate most accurately when face-pairs straddle apparent category boundaries; thus individual faces are perceived categorically. A high correlation is found between the familiarity of a face-pair and the magnitude of the categorization effect. Categorical perception therefore is not limited to low-level perceptual continua, but can occur at higher levels and may be acquired through experience as well.},
number = {3},
journal = {Cognition},
author = {Beale, J M and Keil, F C},
year = {1995},
pmid = {8556842},
keywords = {*Face, *Visual Perception, Facial Expression, Humans, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
pages = {217--239},
}Spatial repetition blindness is modulated by selective attention to color or shape. Kanwisher, N, Driver, J, & Machado, L Cognit Psychol, 29(3):303-37, 1995.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Subjects reported either the colors or shapes of two simultaneous masked letters. Our first study found that they were less accurate when the reported features were identical ("repetition blindness," or RB), while repetition along the unreported dimension had no effect. Three follow-up studies confirmed that when the same dimension was judged (overtly or covertly) for both stimuli, performance was only affected by repetition along that dimension. However, when different dimensions were judged for the two stimuli, performance was affected by repetition on both dimensions. These findings support new conclusions about both RB and visual attention. First, RB depends critically on visual attention, rather than simply on the stimulus presented or the overt response required. Second, while attention can be restricted to a single visual dimension, this is efficient only when the same dimension is selected for both objects. Selecting the color of one object and the shape of another simultaneous object results in both dimensions being accessed for both objects.
@Article{Kanwisher1995,
author = {N Kanwisher and J Driver and L Machado},
journal = {Cognit Psychol},
title = {Spatial repetition blindness is modulated by selective attention to color or shape.},
year = {1995},
number = {3},
pages = {303-37},
volume = {29},
abstract = {Subjects reported either the colors or shapes of two simultaneous
masked letters. Our first study found that they were less accurate
when the reported features were identical ("repetition blindness,"
or RB), while repetition along the unreported dimension had no effect.
Three follow-up studies confirmed that when the same dimension was
judged (overtly or covertly) for both stimuli, performance was only
affected by repetition along that dimension. However, when different
dimensions were judged for the two stimuli, performance was affected
by repetition on both dimensions. These findings support new conclusions
about both RB and visual attention. First, RB depends critically
on visual attention, rather than simply on the stimulus presented
or the overt response required. Second, while attention can be restricted
to a single visual dimension, this is efficient only when the same
dimension is selected for both objects. Selecting the color of one
object and the shape of another simultaneous object results in both
dimensions being accessed for both objects.},
keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, 8556848},
}1994 (2)
Repetition blindness between visually different items: The case of pictures and words. Bavelier, D Cognition, 51(3):199-236, 1994.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Repetition blindness (RB) is the failure to see or recall the second of two visually similar or identical items in rapid serial visual presentation. It was initially demonstrated by Kanwisher (1987), who proposed that a second token of a given word or object type cannot be established when the two items occur close in time. Bavelier and Potter (1992) showed that RB also occurs between visually different items that are phonologically similar. They proposed that RB may occur not only when the targets are physically similar, but also when they have to be registered or encoded in short-term memory (STM) along dimensions on which they are similar. This hypothesis predicts that RB between visually different items should not be restricted to words, but should occur with any stimuli, as long as the task requires these stimuli to be encoded along dimensions on which they are similar. Moreover, it also implies that a task that changes the preferred code of targets will affect the size of RB. The first prediction was confirmed by establishing RB between phonologically similar pictures and words, whether semantically related (the picture of a cat and the word "cat") or not (the picture of a sun and the word "son"), when using a task that requires phonological encoding (Experiments 1 and 2). The second prediction was also supported: the magnitude of RB depended on whether the task required similar or different codes for pictures and words (Experiments 3 and 4). These experiments confirm that RB between visually different items is due to the similarity of the codes initially used in STM. The results suggest that RB can occur at any step during the instantiation of a token, arising not only from a failure to create a new token, but also from a failure to stabilize an opened token. In this view, tokens are to be seen as dynamical entities, built over time as a function of type activation and task requirements, and varying in stability as a function of the information that is entered into them.
@Article{Bavelier1994,
author = {D Bavelier},
journal = {Cognition},
title = {Repetition blindness between visually different items: {T}he case of pictures and words.},
year = {1994},
number = {3},
pages = {199-236},
volume = {51},
abstract = {Repetition blindness (RB) is the failure to see or recall the second
of two visually similar or identical items in rapid serial visual
presentation. It was initially demonstrated by Kanwisher (1987),
who proposed that a second token of a given word or object type cannot
be established when the two items occur close in time. Bavelier and
Potter (1992) showed that RB also occurs between visually different
items that are phonologically similar. They proposed that RB may
occur not only when the targets are physically similar, but also
when they have to be registered or encoded in short-term memory (STM)
along dimensions on which they are similar. This hypothesis predicts
that RB between visually different items should not be restricted
to words, but should occur with any stimuli, as long as the task
requires these stimuli to be encoded along dimensions on which they
are similar. Moreover, it also implies that a task that changes the
preferred code of targets will affect the size of RB. The first prediction
was confirmed by establishing RB between phonologically similar pictures
and words, whether semantically related (the picture of a cat and
the word "cat") or not (the picture of a sun and the word "son"),
when using a task that requires phonological encoding (Experiments
1 and 2). The second prediction was also supported: the magnitude
of RB depended on whether the task required similar or different
codes for pictures and words (Experiments 3 and 4). These experiments
confirm that RB between visually different items is due to the similarity
of the codes initially used in STM. The results suggest that RB can
occur at any step during the instantiation of a token, arising not
only from a failure to create a new token, but also from a failure
to stabilize an opened token. In this view, tokens are to be seen
as dynamical entities, built over time as a function of type activation
and task requirements, and varying in stability as a function of
the information that is entered into them.},
keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, 8194301},
}Mental imagery and aging. Dror, I. & Kosslyn, S. Psychol Aging, 9(1):90–102, 1994.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Young adult and elderly Ss performed 4 visual mental imagery tasks, each of which tapped different processes. The elderly had relatively impaired image rotation and image activation (the process of accessing and activating stored visual memories), and there was a hint that aging may impair the ability to maintain images. In contrast, the elderly were able to compose (the process of generating the segments of the shape, 1 by 1) and scan visual mental images as well as young adults. However, when the authors correlated the mean performance of each age group across all the tasks, they found that the response times of the elderly were almost perfectly predicted by the performance of the young Ss but that the error rates were not correlated. These findings suggest that although there is slowing with age, individual imaging processes are affected selectively by aging.
@article{dror_mental_1994,
title = {Mental imagery and aging},
volume = {9},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8185873},
doi = {10/d6nhx3},
abstract = {Young adult and elderly Ss performed 4 visual mental imagery tasks, each of which tapped different processes. The elderly had relatively impaired image rotation and image activation (the process of accessing and activating stored visual memories), and there was a hint that aging may impair the ability to maintain images. In contrast, the elderly were able to compose (the process of generating the segments of the shape, 1 by 1) and scan visual mental images as well as young adults. However, when the authors correlated the mean performance of each age group across all the tasks, they found that the response times of the elderly were almost perfectly predicted by the performance of the young Ss but that the error rates were not correlated. These findings suggest that although there is slowing with age, individual imaging processes are affected selectively by aging.},
number = {1},
journal = {Psychol Aging},
author = {Dror, I.E. and Kosslyn, S.M.},
year = {1994},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Imagination, *Orientation, *Pattern Recognition, Visual, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aging/*psychology, Attention, Concept Formation, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.},
pages = {90--102},
}1993 (1)
Phasic and tonic alertness in Alzheimer's disease. Nebes, R. & Brady, C. Cortex, 29(1):77–90, 1993.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Phasic alertness (the rapid mobilization of resources to process an expected stimulus) was examined in Alzheimer patients and normals by a choice RT task in which the stimulus was usually preceded by a warning signal. The time subjects needed to attain maximal phasic alertness was determined by varying the Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA) between the warning and the stimulus. In comparison to trials without any warning, presentation of a warning signal reduced the RT of Alzheimer patients as much as it did that of normals. Similarly, the SOA necessary for maximal alertness was the same in Alzheimer patients and in normals. Maintenance of tonic alertness was investigated by examining how RT changed across a long period of continuous testing. Alzheimer patients and normals showed a similar rise in RT with increasing time on task. These results suggest that phasic and tonic alertness are relatively unimpaired by Alzheimer's disease.
@article{nebes_phasic_1993,
title = {Phasic and tonic alertness in {Alzheimer}'s disease},
volume = {29},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8472560},
doi = {10/grrsrm},
abstract = {Phasic alertness (the rapid mobilization of resources to process an expected stimulus) was examined in Alzheimer patients and normals by a choice RT task in which the stimulus was usually preceded by a warning signal. The time subjects needed to attain maximal phasic alertness was determined by varying the Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA) between the warning and the stimulus. In comparison to trials without any warning, presentation of a warning signal reduced the RT of Alzheimer patients as much as it did that of normals. Similarly, the SOA necessary for maximal alertness was the same in Alzheimer patients and in normals. Maintenance of tonic alertness was investigated by examining how RT changed across a long period of continuous testing. Alzheimer patients and normals showed a similar rise in RT with increasing time on task. These results suggest that phasic and tonic alertness are relatively unimpaired by Alzheimer's disease.},
number = {1},
journal = {Cortex},
author = {Nebes, R.D. and Brady, C.B.},
year = {1993},
keywords = {*Arousal, *Attention, *Psychomotor Performance, *Reaction Time, Adult, Aged, Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis/*psychology, Female, Human, Male, Mental Status Schedule, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
pages = {77--90},
}1992 (1)
Minimum audible movement angle in the horizontal plane as a function of stimulus frequency and bandwidth, source azimuth, and velocity. Chandler, D W & Grantham, D W J Acoust Soc Am, 91(3):1624–1636, 1992.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Minimum audible movement angles (MAMAs) were measured in the horizontal plane for four normal-hearing adult subjects in a darkened anechoic chamber. On each trial, a single stimulus was presented, and the subject had to say whether it came from a stationary loudspeaker or from a loudspeaker that was moving at a constant angular velocity around him. Thresholds were established by adaptively varying stimulus duration. In experiment 1, MAMAs were measured as a function of center frequency (500-5000 Hz), velocity (10 degrees-180 degrees/s), and direction of motion (left versus right). There was no effect of direction of motion. MAMAs increased with velocity, from an average of 8.8 degrees of arc for a target moving at 10 degrees/s to an average of 20.2 degrees of arc for a target moving at 180 degrees/s. MAMAs were higher for a 3000-Hz tone than for tones of lower or higher frequencies, as has been previously reported [D. R. Perrott and J. Tucker, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 83, 1522-1527 (1988)]. In experiment 2, minimum audible angles (MAAs) were measured with sequentially presented stationary tone pulses (500-5000 Hz), and were shown to exhibit the same dependence on signal frequency that the MAMAs showed (average MAA at 3000 Hz: 8.4 degrees; average MAA at the other frequencies: 3.4 degrees). In experiment 3, MAMAs and MAAs were measured as a function of stimulus bandwidth (centered at 3000 Hz) and listening azimuth (0 degrees vs 60 degrees). Average MAAs decreased monotonically as stimulus bandwidth increased from 0 Hz to wideband (from 8.4 degrees to 1.2 degrees at 0 degrees azimuth; from 11.3 degrees to 1.5 degrees at 60 degrees azimuth). As in experiment 1, MAMAs increased with stimulus velocity, from values comparable to the MAAs for the slowest-velocity (10 degrees/s) targets to 70 degrees of arc or more in the poorest condition (third-octave band of noise presented at a velocity of 180 degrees/s and an azimuth of 60 degrees). MAMAs obtained in the slower-velocity conditions depended in the same way on stimulus bandwidth and listening azimuth that MAAs depended on these variables. In no case was the MAMA ever smaller than the MAA. It is hypothesized that a minimum integration time is required to achieve optimal performance in a dynamic spatial resolution task. Average estimates of this minimum time based on the current data vary from 336 ms (for targets presented at midline) to 1116 ms (for narrow-band targets presented at 60 degrees azimuth).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
@article{chandler_minimum_1992,
title = {Minimum audible movement angle in the horizontal plane as a function of stimulus frequency and bandwidth, source azimuth, and velocity},
volume = {91},
abstract = {Minimum audible movement angles (MAMAs) were measured in the horizontal plane for four normal-hearing adult subjects in a darkened anechoic chamber. On each trial, a single stimulus was presented, and the subject had to say whether it came from a stationary loudspeaker or from a loudspeaker that was moving at a constant angular velocity around him. Thresholds were established by adaptively varying stimulus duration. In experiment 1, MAMAs were measured as a function of center frequency (500-5000 Hz), velocity (10 degrees-180 degrees/s), and direction of motion (left versus right). There was no effect of direction of motion. MAMAs increased with velocity, from an average of 8.8 degrees of arc for a target moving at 10 degrees/s to an average of 20.2 degrees of arc for a target moving at 180 degrees/s. MAMAs were higher for a 3000-Hz tone than for tones of lower or higher frequencies, as has been previously reported [D. R. Perrott and J. Tucker, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 83, 1522-1527 (1988)]. In experiment 2, minimum audible angles (MAAs) were measured with sequentially presented stationary tone pulses (500-5000 Hz), and were shown to exhibit the same dependence on signal frequency that the MAMAs showed (average MAA at 3000 Hz: 8.4 degrees; average MAA at the other frequencies: 3.4 degrees). In experiment 3, MAMAs and MAAs were measured as a function of stimulus bandwidth (centered at 3000 Hz) and listening azimuth (0 degrees vs 60 degrees). Average MAAs decreased monotonically as stimulus bandwidth increased from 0 Hz to wideband (from 8.4 degrees to 1.2 degrees at 0 degrees azimuth; from 11.3 degrees to 1.5 degrees at 60 degrees azimuth). As in experiment 1, MAMAs increased with stimulus velocity, from values comparable to the MAAs for the slowest-velocity (10 degrees/s) targets to 70 degrees of arc or more in the poorest condition (third-octave band of noise presented at a velocity of 180 degrees/s and an azimuth of 60 degrees). MAMAs obtained in the slower-velocity conditions depended in the same way on stimulus bandwidth and listening azimuth that MAAs depended on these variables. In no case was the MAMA ever smaller than the MAA. It is hypothesized that a minimum integration time is required to achieve optimal performance in a dynamic spatial resolution task. Average estimates of this minimum time based on the current data vary from 336 ms (for targets presented at midline) to 1116 ms (for narrow-band targets presented at 60 degrees azimuth).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
number = {3},
journal = {J Acoust Soc Am},
author = {Chandler, D W and Grantham, D W},
year = {1992},
pmid = {1564199},
keywords = {*Attention, *Loudness Perception, *Orientation, *Pitch Discrimination, *Sound Localization, Adult, Auditory Threshold, Dichotic Listening Tests, Female, Humans, Male, Psychoacoustics, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.},
pages = {1624--1636},
}1991 (2)
Influence of systolic pressure profile on rate of left ventricular pressure fall. Gillebert, T C & Lew, W Y Am J Physiol, 261(3 Pt 2):H805–13, 1991. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0002-9513
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
We examined the influence of the systolic left ventricular pressure (LVP) waveform on the rate of isovolumetric LVP fall, as assessed by the time constant tau. Seven open-chest dogs were instrumented with a micromanometer in the left ventricle, with segment length gauges in the anterior and posterior midwall of the left ventricle, and with a balloon-tipped catheter in the proximal aorta. The intra-aortic balloon was inflated before the onset of ejection (early) or during midejection (late) to produce timed and graded increases in peak LVP of 2-20 mmHg. The rate of LVP fall slowed significantly more with late than with early increases in LVP (tau increased 1.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 0.5 +/- 0.3%/mmHg increase in peak LVP, respectively, P less than 0.001). For a similar increase in peak LVP, there was a progressively greater increase in tau when the timing of balloon inflation was progressively delayed from early to late ejection (in 10-ms increments). The differential effect of early vs. late pressure increases on tau was not related to regional differences in segment length behavior nor to an increase in regional nonuniformity between anterior and posterior sites. We conclude that under the experimental conditions of an intact, ejecting left ventricle, the systolic pressure profile is an important determinant of the rate of pressure fall. The rate of LVP fall slows in direct proportion to the magnitude of increase in systolic pressure. The sensitivity to systolic load increases progressively throughout the ejection period, so that the rate of LVP fall slows significantly more with late than with early pressure increases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
@article{gillebert_influence_1991,
title = {Influence of systolic pressure profile on rate of left ventricular pressure fall.},
volume = {261},
abstract = {We examined the influence of the systolic left ventricular pressure (LVP) waveform on the rate of isovolumetric LVP fall, as assessed by the time constant tau. Seven open-chest dogs were instrumented with a micromanometer in the left ventricle, with segment length gauges in the anterior and posterior midwall of the left ventricle, and with a balloon-tipped catheter in the proximal aorta. The intra-aortic balloon was inflated before the onset of ejection (early) or during midejection (late) to produce timed and graded increases in peak LVP of 2-20 mmHg. The rate of LVP fall slowed significantly more with late than with early increases in LVP (tau increased 1.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 0.5 +/- 0.3\%/mmHg increase in peak LVP, respectively, P less than 0.001). For a similar increase in peak LVP, there was a progressively greater increase in tau when the timing of balloon inflation was progressively delayed from early to late ejection (in 10-ms increments). The differential effect of early vs. late pressure increases on tau was not related to regional differences in segment length behavior nor to an increase in regional nonuniformity between anterior and posterior sites. We conclude that under the experimental conditions of an intact, ejecting left ventricle, the systolic pressure profile is an important determinant of the rate of pressure fall. The rate of LVP fall slows in direct proportion to the magnitude of increase in systolic pressure. The sensitivity to systolic load increases progressively throughout the ejection period, so that the rate of LVP fall slows significantly more with late than with early pressure increases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)},
language = {eng},
number = {3 Pt 2},
journal = {Am J Physiol},
author = {Gillebert, T C and Lew, W Y},
year = {1991},
pmid = {1887926},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0002-9513},
keywords = {Analysis of Variance, Animals, Diastole, Dogs, Electrocardiography, Heart, Heart Ventricles, Systole, Time Factors, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s., research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {H805--13},
}Repetition blindness and illusory conjunctions: errors in binding visual types with visual tokens. Kanwisher, N J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 17(2):404–421, 1991. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0096-1523
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Repetition blindness (Kanwisher, 1986, 1987) has been defined as the failure to detect or recall repetitions of words presented in rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). The experiments presented here suggest that repetition blindness (RB) is a more general visual phenomenon, and examine its relationship to feature integration theory (Treisman & Gelade, 1980). Experiment 1 shows RB for letters distributed through space, time, or both. Experiment 2 demonstrates RB for repeated colors in RSVP lists. In Experiments 3 and 4, RB was found for repeated letters and colors in spatial arrays. Experiment 5 provides evidence that the mental representations of discrete objects (called "visual tokens" here) that are necessary to detect visual repetitions (Kanwisher, 1987) are the same as the "object files" (Kahneman & Treisman, 1984) in which visual features are conjoined. In Experiment 6, repetition blindness for the second occurrence of a repeated letter resulted only when the first occurrence was attended to. The overall results suggest that a general dissociation between types and tokens in visual information processing can account for both repetition blindness and illusory conjunctions.
@article{kanwisher_repetition_1991,
title = {Repetition blindness and illusory conjunctions: errors in binding visual types with visual tokens.},
volume = {17},
abstract = {Repetition blindness (Kanwisher, 1986, 1987) has been defined as the failure to detect or recall repetitions of words presented in rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). The experiments presented here suggest that repetition blindness (RB) is a more general visual phenomenon, and examine its relationship to feature integration theory (Treisman \& Gelade, 1980). Experiment 1 shows RB for letters distributed through space, time, or both. Experiment 2 demonstrates RB for repeated colors in RSVP lists. In Experiments 3 and 4, RB was found for repeated letters and colors in spatial arrays. Experiment 5 provides evidence that the mental representations of discrete objects (called "visual tokens" here) that are necessary to detect visual repetitions (Kanwisher, 1987) are the same as the "object files" (Kahneman \& Treisman, 1984) in which visual features are conjoined. In Experiment 6, repetition blindness for the second occurrence of a repeated letter resulted only when the first occurrence was attended to. The overall results suggest that a general dissociation between types and tokens in visual information processing can account for both repetition blindness and illusory conjunctions.},
language = {eng},
number = {2},
journal = {J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform},
author = {Kanwisher, N},
year = {1991},
pmid = {1830084},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0096-1523},
keywords = {Adult, Attention, Color Perception, Discrimination Learning, Humans, Mental Recall, Optical Illusions, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Reading, Serial Learning, research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {404--421},
}1990 (1)
Neural responses to auditory temporal patterns. Robin, D., Abbas, P., & Hug, L. J Acoust Soc Am, 87(4):1673-82, 1990.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Sets of regularly repeating auditory stimuli elicit unique perceptions; listeners are able to identify specific temporal patterns. Some temporal patterns are unambiguous (only one pattern can be perceived), while others are ambiguous (numerous patterns can be detected). While the psychophysical properties of such percepts have been well studied, little is known about the underlying neurological bases of temporal pattern perception. In this experiment, the role of adaptation in temporal pattern perception is examined by studying neural responses in four cats to a temporal pattern that is perceptually unambiguous and one that is perceptually ambiguous. Measurements were made of the whole-nerve action potential, the auditory brainstem response, and potentials from the surface of the primary auditory cortex. The adaptation patterns corresponded with the perceptual organization of temporal patterns in humans at all levels of the nervous system studied.
@Article{Robin1990,
author = {DA Robin and PJ Abbas and LN Hug},
journal = {J Acoust Soc Am},
title = {Neural responses to auditory temporal patterns.},
year = {1990},
number = {4},
pages = {1673-82},
volume = {87},
abstract = {Sets of regularly repeating auditory stimuli elicit unique perceptions;
listeners are able to identify specific temporal patterns. Some temporal
patterns are unambiguous (only one pattern can be perceived), while
others are ambiguous (numerous patterns can be detected). While the
psychophysical properties of such percepts have been well studied,
little is known about the underlying neurological bases of temporal
pattern perception. In this experiment, the role of adaptation in
temporal pattern perception is examined by studying neural responses
in four cats to a temporal pattern that is perceptually unambiguous
and one that is perceptually ambiguous. Measurements were made of
the whole-nerve action potential, the auditory brainstem response,
and potentials from the surface of the primary auditory cortex. The
adaptation patterns corresponded with the perceptual organization
of temporal patterns in humans at all levels of the nervous system
studied.},
keywords = {Animals, Attention, Computer Simulation, Human, Models, Neurological, Neurons, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, Adolescent, Adult, Color Perception, Female, Male, Middle Aged, Psychological, Psychophysics, Non-U.S. Gov't, Interneurons, Pyramidal Cells, Reaction Time, Synapses, Action Potentials, Adaptation, Physiological, Contrast Sensitivity, Eye Movements, Macaca, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Nonlinear Dynamics, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Algorithms, Fixation, Ocular, Learning, Logistic Models, Cats, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Brain Stem, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Loudness Perception, Pitch Discrimination, Time Perception, Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 2341671},
}1988 (2)
Sugar-activated ion transport in canine lingual epithelium. Implications for sugar taste transduction. Mierson, S, DeSimone, S K, Heck, G L, & DeSimone, J A J Gen Physiol, 92(1):87–111, 1988. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0022-1295
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
There is good evidence indicating that ion-transport pathways in the apical regions of lingual epithelial cells, including taste bud cells, may play a role in salt taste reception. In this article, we present evidence that, in the case of the dog, there also exists a sugar-activated ion-transport pathway that is linked to sugar taste transduction. Evidence was drawn from two parallel lines of experiments: (a) ion-transport studies on the isolated canine lingual epithelium, and (b) recordings from the canine chorda tympani. The results in vitro showed that both mono- and disaccharides in the mucosal bath stimulate a dose-dependent increase in the short-circuit current over the concentration range coincident with mammalian sugar taste responses. Transepithelial current evoked by glucose, fructose, or sucrose in either 30 mM NaCl or in Krebs-Henseleit buffer (K-H) was partially blocked by amiloride. Among current carriers activated by saccharides, the current response was greater with Na than with K. Ion flux measurements in K-H during stimulation with 3-O-methylglucose showed that the sugar-evoked current was due to an increase in the Na influx. Ouabain or amiloride reduced the sugar-evoked Na influx without effect on sugar transport as measured with tritiated 3-O-methylglucose. Amiloride inhibited the canine chorda tympani response to 0.5 M NaCl by 70-80% and the response to 0.5 M KCl by approximately 40%. This agreed with the percent inhibition by amiloride of the short-circuit current supported in vitro by NaCl and KCl. Amiloride also partially inhibited the chorda tympani responses to sucrose and to fructose. The results indicate that in the dog: (a) the ion transporter subserving Na taste also subserves part of the response to K, and (b) a sugar-activated, Na-preferring ion-transport system is one mechanism mediating sugar taste transduction. Results in the literature indicate a similar sweet taste mechanism for humans.
@article{mierson_sugar-activated_1988,
title = {Sugar-activated ion transport in canine lingual epithelium. {Implications} for sugar taste transduction.},
volume = {92},
abstract = {There is good evidence indicating that ion-transport pathways in the apical regions of lingual epithelial cells, including taste bud cells, may play a role in salt taste reception. In this article, we present evidence that, in the case of the dog, there also exists a sugar-activated ion-transport pathway that is linked to sugar taste transduction. Evidence was drawn from two parallel lines of experiments: (a) ion-transport studies on the isolated canine lingual epithelium, and (b) recordings from the canine chorda tympani. The results in vitro showed that both mono- and disaccharides in the mucosal bath stimulate a dose-dependent increase in the short-circuit current over the concentration range coincident with mammalian sugar taste responses. Transepithelial current evoked by glucose, fructose, or sucrose in either 30 mM NaCl or in Krebs-Henseleit buffer (K-H) was partially blocked by amiloride. Among current carriers activated by saccharides, the current response was greater with Na than with K. Ion flux measurements in K-H during stimulation with 3-O-methylglucose showed that the sugar-evoked current was due to an increase in the Na influx. Ouabain or amiloride reduced the sugar-evoked Na influx without effect on sugar transport as measured with tritiated 3-O-methylglucose. Amiloride inhibited the canine chorda tympani response to 0.5 M NaCl by 70-80\% and the response to 0.5 M KCl by approximately 40\%. This agreed with the percent inhibition by amiloride of the short-circuit current supported in vitro by NaCl and KCl. Amiloride also partially inhibited the chorda tympani responses to sucrose and to fructose. The results indicate that in the dog: (a) the ion transporter subserving Na taste also subserves part of the response to K, and (b) a sugar-activated, Na-preferring ion-transport system is one mechanism mediating sugar taste transduction. Results in the literature indicate a similar sweet taste mechanism for humans.},
language = {eng},
number = {1},
journal = {J Gen Physiol},
author = {Mierson, S and DeSimone, S K and Heck, G L and DeSimone, J A},
year = {1988},
pmid = {3171536},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0022-1295},
keywords = {Amiloride, Animals, Biological Transport, Carbohydrates, Chorda Tympani Nerve, Dogs, Electric Conductivity, Epithelium, Ions, Phlorhizin, Potassium Chloride, Sodium Chloride, Taste, Tongue, comparative study, research support, non-u.s. gov't, research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s.},
pages = {87--111},
}Isolation by distance on the Island of Korcula: correlation analysis of distance measures. Rudan, P., Simic, D., & Bennett, L., A. Am J Phys Anthropol, 77(1):97-103., 1988.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Within the framework of holistic anthropological investigations of the rural populations on the Island of Korcula, various measures of biological distances between eight villages were estimated (Mahalanobis' D2 for anthropometric, physiological, and dermatoglyphic traits); socio-cultural similarities and distances were determined (kinship coefficient estimated from migrational data and Hemming similarity measure estimated from linguistic data). A matrix of Spearman's rank correlation coefficients among these measures demonstrated a pattern of interdependencies, which we analysed further by principal components analysis. The first component reflects the cumulative effect of different processes acting on the initial gene distribution over a long period of time; the second component represents initial population structure; and the third component reflects recent migration influences.
@article{
title = {Isolation by distance on the Island of Korcula: correlation analysis of distance measures},
type = {article},
year = {1988},
identifiers = {[object Object]},
keywords = {*Anthropometry,*Dermatoglyphics,*Genetics, Population,*Rural Population,*Social Environment,*Social Isolation,Female,Human,Male,Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.,Yugoslavia},
pages = {97-103.},
volume = {77},
id = {17517e63-11e9-3896-8f0a-960853e28e9c},
created = {2017-06-19T13:42:46.587Z},
file_attached = {false},
profile_id = {de68dde1-2ff3-3a4e-a214-ef424d0c7646},
group_id = {b2078731-0913-33b9-8902-a53629a24e83},
last_modified = {2017-06-19T13:42:46.723Z},
tags = {02/03/08},
read = {false},
starred = {false},
authored = {false},
confirmed = {true},
hidden = {false},
source_type = {Journal Article},
notes = {<m:note>eng<m:linebreak/>Journal Article</m:note>},
abstract = {Within the framework of holistic anthropological investigations of the rural populations on the Island of Korcula, various measures of biological distances between eight villages were estimated (Mahalanobis' D2 for anthropometric, physiological, and dermatoglyphic traits); socio-cultural similarities and distances were determined (kinship coefficient estimated from migrational data and Hemming similarity measure estimated from linguistic data). A matrix of Spearman's rank correlation coefficients among these measures demonstrated a pattern of interdependencies, which we analysed further by principal components analysis. The first component reflects the cumulative effect of different processes acting on the initial gene distribution over a long period of time; the second component represents initial population structure; and the third component reflects recent migration influences.},
bibtype = {article},
author = {Rudan, P and Simic, D and Bennett, L A},
journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol},
number = {1}
}1986 (1)
Both striate cortex and superior colliculus contribute to visual properties of neurons in superior temporal polysensory area of macaque monkey. Bruce, C J, Desimone, R, & Gross, C G J Neurophysiol, 55(5):1057–1075, 1986. Place: UNITED STATES ISBN: 0022-3077
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Although the tectofugal system projects to the primate cerebral cortex by way of the pulvinar, previous studies have failed to find any physiological evidence that the superior colliculus influences visual activity in the cortex. We studied the relative contributions of the tectofugal and geniculostriate systems to the visual properties of neurons in the superior temporal polysensory area (STP) by comparing the effects of unilateral removal of striate cortex, the superior colliculus, or of both structures. In the intact monkey, STP neurons have large, bilateral receptive fields. Complete unilateral removal of striate cortex did not eliminate visual responses of STP neurons in the contralateral visual hemifield; rather, nearly half the cells still responded to visual stimuli in the hemifield contralateral to the lesion. Thus the visual properties of STP neurons are not completely dependent on the geniculostriate system. Unilateral striate lesions did affect the response properties of STP neurons in three ways. Whereas most STP neurons in the intact monkey respond similarly to stimuli in the two visual hemifields, responses to stimuli in the hemifield contralateral to the striate lesion were usually weaker than responses in the ipsilateral hemifield. Whereas the responses of many STP neurons in the intact monkey were selective for the direction of stimulus motion or for stimulus form, responses in the hemifield contralateral to the striate lesion were not selective for either motion or form. Whereas the median receptive field in the intact monkey extended 80 degrees into the contralateral visual field, the receptive fields of cells with responses in the contralateral field that survived the striate lesions had a median border that extended only 50 degrees into the contralateral visual field. Removal of both striate cortex and the superior colliculus in the same hemisphere abolished the responses of STP neurons to visual stimuli in the hemifield contralateral to the combined lesion. Nearly 80% of the cells still responded to visual stimuli in the hemifield ipsilateral to the lesion. Unilateral removal of the superior colliculus alone had only small effects on visual responses in STP. Receptive-field size and visual response strength were slightly reduced in the hemifield contralateral to the collicular lesion. As in the intact monkey, selectivity for stimulus motion or form were similar in the two visual hemifields. We conclude that both striate cortex and the superior colliculus contribute to the visual responses of STP neurons. Striate cortex is crucial for the movement and stimulus specificity of neurons in STP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
@article{bruce_both_1986,
title = {Both striate cortex and superior colliculus contribute to visual properties of neurons in superior temporal polysensory area of macaque monkey.},
volume = {55},
abstract = {Although the tectofugal system projects to the primate cerebral cortex by way of the pulvinar, previous studies have failed to find any physiological evidence that the superior colliculus influences visual activity in the cortex. We studied the relative contributions of the tectofugal and geniculostriate systems to the visual properties of neurons in the superior temporal polysensory area (STP) by comparing the effects of unilateral removal of striate cortex, the superior colliculus, or of both structures. In the intact monkey, STP neurons have large, bilateral receptive fields. Complete unilateral removal of striate cortex did not eliminate visual responses of STP neurons in the contralateral visual hemifield; rather, nearly half the cells still responded to visual stimuli in the hemifield contralateral to the lesion. Thus the visual properties of STP neurons are not completely dependent on the geniculostriate system. Unilateral striate lesions did affect the response properties of STP neurons in three ways. Whereas most STP neurons in the intact monkey respond similarly to stimuli in the two visual hemifields, responses to stimuli in the hemifield contralateral to the striate lesion were usually weaker than responses in the ipsilateral hemifield. Whereas the responses of many STP neurons in the intact monkey were selective for the direction of stimulus motion or for stimulus form, responses in the hemifield contralateral to the striate lesion were not selective for either motion or form. Whereas the median receptive field in the intact monkey extended 80 degrees into the contralateral visual field, the receptive fields of cells with responses in the contralateral field that survived the striate lesions had a median border that extended only 50 degrees into the contralateral visual field. Removal of both striate cortex and the superior colliculus in the same hemisphere abolished the responses of STP neurons to visual stimuli in the hemifield contralateral to the combined lesion. Nearly 80\% of the cells still responded to visual stimuli in the hemifield ipsilateral to the lesion. Unilateral removal of the superior colliculus alone had only small effects on visual responses in STP. Receptive-field size and visual response strength were slightly reduced in the hemifield contralateral to the collicular lesion. As in the intact monkey, selectivity for stimulus motion or form were similar in the two visual hemifields. We conclude that both striate cortex and the superior colliculus contribute to the visual responses of STP neurons. Striate cortex is crucial for the movement and stimulus specificity of neurons in STP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)},
language = {eng},
number = {5},
journal = {J Neurophysiol},
author = {Bruce, C J and Desimone, R and Gross, C G},
year = {1986},
pmid = {3711967},
note = {Place: UNITED STATES
ISBN: 0022-3077},
keywords = {Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Functional Laterality, Macaca fascicularis, Male, Nerve Crush, Neurons, Spatial Behavior, Superior Colliculi, Temporal Lobe, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Visual Perception, research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s., research support, u.s. gov't, p.h.s.},
pages = {1057--1075},
}1985 (1)
Responses of single neurones in cat auditory cortex to time-varying stimuli: Frequency-modulated tones of narrow excursion. Phillips, D., Mendelson, J., Cynader, M., & Douglas, R. Exp Brain Res, 58(3):443-54, 1985.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
In the primary auditory cortex of cats anaesthetized with nitrous oxide, single neurones were examined with respect to their responses to tone bursts and linear modulations of the frequency of an on-going continuous tone. Using FM ramps of 2.0 kHz excursion and varying centre frequency, each of 39 neurones was examined for its preference for the direction of frequency change of a ramp whose centre frequency was varied in and around the neurone's response area. Direction preference was strictly associated with the slopes of the cell's spike count-versus-frequency function over the frequency range covered by the ramp. Preferences for upward- and downward-directed ramps were associated with the low- and high-frequency slopes of the spike count function, respectively. The strength of the cell's direction preference was associated with the relative steepness of the spike count function over the frequency range covered by the ramp. The timing of discharges elicited by the frequency modulations was found to be the sum of the cell's latent period for tone bursts plus the time after ramp onset that the stimulus frequency fell within the neurone's response area. The implications of these data for the processing of narrow and broad frequency-modulated ramps are discussed.
@Article{Phillips1985,
author = {DP Phillips and JR Mendelson and MS Cynader and RM Douglas},
journal = {Exp Brain Res},
title = {Responses of single neurones in cat auditory cortex to time-varying stimuli: {F}requency-modulated tones of narrow excursion.},
year = {1985},
number = {3},
pages = {443-54},
volume = {58},
abstract = {In the primary auditory cortex of cats anaesthetized with nitrous
oxide, single neurones were examined with respect to their responses
to tone bursts and linear modulations of the frequency of an on-going
continuous tone. Using FM ramps of 2.0 kHz excursion and varying
centre frequency, each of 39 neurones was examined for its preference
for the direction of frequency change of a ramp whose centre frequency
was varied in and around the neurone's response area. Direction preference
was strictly associated with the slopes of the cell's spike count-versus-frequency
function over the frequency range covered by the ramp. Preferences
for upward- and downward-directed ramps were associated with the
low- and high-frequency slopes of the spike count function, respectively.
The strength of the cell's direction preference was associated with
the relative steepness of the spike count function over the frequency
range covered by the ramp. The timing of discharges elicited by the
frequency modulations was found to be the sum of the cell's latent
period for tone bursts plus the time after ramp onset that the stimulus
frequency fell within the neurone's response area. The implications
of these data for the processing of narrow and broad frequency-modulated
ramps are discussed.},
keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, Signal Detection (Psychology), Judgment, ROC Curve, Regression Analysis, Music, Probability, Arm, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Hemiplegia, Movement, Muscle, Skeletal, Myoclonus, Robotics, Magnetoencephalography, Phonetics, Software, Speech Production Measurement, Epilepsies, Partial, Laterality, Stereotaxic Techniques, Germany, Speech Acoustics, Verbal Behavior, Child Development, Instinct, Brain Stem, Coma, Diagnosis, Differential, Hearing Disorders, Hearing Loss, Central, Neuroma, Acoustic, Dendrites, Down-Regulation, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Wistar, Up-Regulation, Aged, Aphasia, Middle Aged, Cones (Retina), Primates, Retina, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Tympanic Membrane, Cell Communication, Extremities, Biological, Motor Activity, Rana catesbeiana, Spinal Cord, Central Nervous System, Motion, Motor Cortex, Intelligence, Macaca fascicularis, Adoption, Critical Period (Psychology), France, Korea, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Multilingualism, Auditory Pathways, Cochlear Nerve, Loudness Perception, Neural Conduction, 4007088},
}1984 (1)
Responses of single neurons in posterior field of cat auditory cortex to tonal stimulation. Phillips, D. & Orman, S. J Neurophysiol, 51(1):147-63, 1984. as cited by i̧teNPHeil1998
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
In the auditory cortex of barbiturate-anesthetized cats, the posterior auditory field (field P) was identified by its tonotopic organization, and single neurons in that field were studied quantitatively for their sensitivity to the frequency and intensity of tonal stimuli presented via calibrated, sealed stimulating systems. Field P neurons had narrow, V-shaped, threshold frequency tuning curves. At suprathreshold levels, spike counts were generally greatest at frequencies at or close to the neuron's threshold best frequency (BF). Eighty-six percent of posterior-field neurons displayed spike counts that were a nonmonotonic function of the intensity of a BF tone. Of these, over 90% showed at least a 50% reduction in spike count at high stimulus levels, and almost 20% of nonmonotonic cells ceased responding entirely at high stimulus intensities. The nonmonotonic shape of spike count-versus-intensity profiles was typically preserved across the range of frequencies to which any given neuron was responsive. For some neurons, this had the consequence of generating a completely circumscribed frequency-intensity response area. That is, these neurons responded to a tonal stimulus only if the stimulus was within a restricted range of both frequency and intensity. These response areas showed internal organizations that appeared to reflect one or both of two processes. For some neurons, the optimal sound pressure level for spike counts varied with tone frequency, roughly paralleling the threshold tuning curve. For other neurons, the optimal sound pressure level tended to be constant across frequency despite threshold variations of up to 20 dB. The minimum response latencies of posterior-field neurons were generally in the range of 20-50 ms, while cells in the primary auditory cortex (AI) in the same animals generally had minimum latent periods of less than 20 ms. Comparison of these data with those previously presented for neurons in two other cortical auditory fields suggests that the cat's auditory cortex might show an interfield segregation of neurons according to their coding properties.
@Article{Phillips1984,
author = {DP Phillips and SS Orman},
journal = {J Neurophysiol},
title = {Responses of single neurons in posterior field of cat auditory cortex to tonal stimulation.},
year = {1984},
note = {as cited by \citeNP{Heil1998}},
number = {1},
pages = {147-63},
volume = {51},
abstract = {In the auditory cortex of barbiturate-anesthetized cats, the posterior
auditory field (field P) was identified by its tonotopic organization,
and single neurons in that field were studied quantitatively for
their sensitivity to the frequency and intensity of tonal stimuli
presented via calibrated, sealed stimulating systems. Field P neurons
had narrow, V-shaped, threshold frequency tuning curves. At suprathreshold
levels, spike counts were generally greatest at frequencies at or
close to the neuron's threshold best frequency (BF). Eighty-six percent
of posterior-field neurons displayed spike counts that were a nonmonotonic
function of the intensity of a BF tone. Of these, over 90\% showed
at least a 50\% reduction in spike count at high stimulus levels,
and almost 20\% of nonmonotonic cells ceased responding entirely
at high stimulus intensities. The nonmonotonic shape of spike count-versus-intensity
profiles was typically preserved across the range of frequencies
to which any given neuron was responsive. For some neurons, this
had the consequence of generating a completely circumscribed frequency-intensity
response area. That is, these neurons responded to a tonal stimulus
only if the stimulus was within a restricted range of both frequency
and intensity. These response areas showed internal organizations
that appeared to reflect one or both of two processes. For some neurons,
the optimal sound pressure level for spike counts varied with tone
frequency, roughly paralleling the threshold tuning curve. For other
neurons, the optimal sound pressure level tended to be constant across
frequency despite threshold variations of up to 20 dB. The minimum
response latencies of posterior-field neurons were generally in the
range of 20-50 ms, while cells in the primary auditory cortex (AI)
in the same animals generally had minimum latent periods of less
than 20 ms. Comparison of these data with those previously presented
for neurons in two other cortical auditory fields suggests that the
cat's auditory cortex might show an interfield segregation of neurons
according to their coding properties.},
keywords = {Computing Methodologies, Human, Language, Learning, Mental Processes, Models, Theoretical, Stochastic Processes, Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S., Cognition, Linguistics, Neural Networks (Computer), Practice (Psychology), Non-U.S. Gov't, Memory, Psychological, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Adult, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Reading, Concept Formation, Form Perception, Animals, Corpus Striatum, Shrews, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Acoustic Stimulation, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Cochlea, Ear, Gerbillinae, Glycine, Hearing, Neurons, Space Perception, Strychnine, Adolescent, Decision Making, Reaction Time, Astrocytoma, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Evoked Potentials, Frontal Lobe, Noise, Parietal Lobe, Scalp, Child, Language Development, Psycholinguistics, Brain, Perception, Speech, Vocalization, Animal, Discrimination (Psychology), Hippocampus, Rats, Calcium, Chelating Agents, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Glutamic Acid, Guanosine Diphosphate, In Vitro, Neuronal Plasticity, Pyramidal Cells, Receptors, AMPA, Metabotropic Glutamate, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Somatosensory Cortex, Synapses, Synaptic Transmission, Thionucleotides, Action Potentials, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Electric Conductivity, Entorhinal Cortex, Neurological, Long-Evans, Infant, Mathematics, Statistics, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Association Learning, Child Psychology, Habituation (Psychophysiology), Probability Theory, Analysis of Variance, Semantics, Symbolism, Behavior, Eye Movements, Macaca mulatta, Prefrontal Cortex, Cats, Dogs, Haplorhini, Photic Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Nervous System Physiology, Darkness, Grasshoppers, Light, Membrane Potentials, Neural Inhibition, Afferent, Picrotoxin, Vision, Deoxyglucose, Injections, Microspheres, Neural Pathways, Rhodamines, Choice Behavior, Speech Perception, Verbal Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Fixation, Ocular, Language Tests, Random Allocation, Comparative Study, Saguinus, Sound Spectrography, Species Specificity, Audiometry, Auditory Threshold, Calibration, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Anesthesia, General, Electrodes, Implanted, Pitch Perception, Sound Localization, Paired-Associate Learning, Serial Learning, Auditory, Age Factors, Motion Perception, Brain Injuries, Computer Simulation, Blindness, Psychomotor Performance, Color Perception, Signal Detection (Psychology), Judgment, ROC Curve, Regression Analysis, Music, Probability, Arm, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Hemiplegia, Movement, Muscle, Skeletal, Myoclonus, Robotics, Magnetoencephalography, Phonetics, Software, Speech Production Measurement, Epilepsies, Partial, Laterality, Stereotaxic Techniques, Germany, Speech Acoustics, Verbal Behavior, Child Development, Instinct, Brain Stem, Coma, Diagnosis, Differential, Hearing Disorders, Hearing Loss, Central, Neuroma, Acoustic, Dendrites, Down-Regulation, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Wistar, Up-Regulation, Aged, Aphasia, Middle Aged, Cones (Retina), Primates, Retina, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Tympanic Membrane, Cell Communication, Extremities, Biological, Motor Activity, Rana catesbeiana, Spinal Cord, Central Nervous System, Motion, Motor Cortex, Intelligence, Macaca fascicularis, Adoption, Critical Period (Psychology), France, Korea, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Multilingualism, Auditory Pathways, Cochlear Nerve, Loudness Perception, 6693932},
}1981 (1)
Alexia and agraphia with spared spelling and letter recognition abilities. Rothi, L. & Heilman, K. Brain and Language, 12(1):1–13, 1981.
doi bibtex
doi bibtex
@article{rothi_alexia_1981,
title = {Alexia and agraphia with spared spelling and letter recognition abilities},
volume = {12},
doi = {10/df6tn2},
number = {1},
journal = {Brain and Language},
author = {Rothi, L.J. and Heilman, K.M.},
year = {1981},
keywords = {\#nosource, Agraphia/*physiopathology, Brain/physiopathology, Case Report, Dyslexia, Acquired/*physiopathology, Human, Language Tests, Male, Middle Age, Reading, Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Writing},
pages = {1--13},
}1978 (1)
Hypoarousal in patients with the neglect syndrome and emotional indifference. Heilman, K., Schwartz, H., & Watson, R. Neurology, 28(3):229–32, 1978.
Paper doi abstract bibtex
Paper doi abstract bibtex Physiologic theories of emotion suggest that activation is important in the experience of emotion; patients exhibiting "neglect" as a consequence of right parietotemporal of dysfunction show flattened affect. We studied arousal in patients with lesions of the right hemisphere who also exhibited emotional indifference, in aphasic patients with lesions of the left hemisphere, and in non-brain-damaged controls, by stimulating the forearm ipsilateral to the side of the brain lesion while recording galvanic skin responses (GSRs) from the fingers on the same side. The group exhibiting neglect had lower GSRs than aphasic patients or non-brain-damaged controls. Aphasic patients had higher GSRs than non-brain-damaged controls. These results suggest that neglect is associated with disturbances in bilateral arousal and that this disorder of arousal may be responsible in part for flattened affect. The heightened GSR in aphasic patients may reflect disinhibition, which might be partly responsible for increased emotionality in these patients.
@article{heilman_hypoarousal_1978,
title = {Hypoarousal in patients with the neglect syndrome and emotional indifference},
volume = {28},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=564476},
doi = {10/gjv83w},
abstract = {Physiologic theories of emotion suggest that activation is important in the experience of emotion; patients exhibiting "neglect" as a consequence of right parietotemporal of dysfunction show flattened affect. We studied arousal in patients with lesions of the right hemisphere who also exhibited emotional indifference, in aphasic patients with lesions of the left hemisphere, and in non-brain-damaged controls, by stimulating the forearm ipsilateral to the side of the brain lesion while recording galvanic skin responses (GSRs) from the fingers on the same side. The group exhibiting neglect had lower GSRs than aphasic patients or non-brain-damaged controls. Aphasic patients had higher GSRs than non-brain-damaged controls. These results suggest that neglect is associated with disturbances in bilateral arousal and that this disorder of arousal may be responsible in part for flattened affect. The heightened GSR in aphasic patients may reflect disinhibition, which might be partly responsible for increased emotionality in these patients.},
number = {3},
journal = {Neurology},
author = {Heilman, K.M. and Schwartz, H.D. and Watson, R.T.},
year = {1978},
keywords = {\#nosource, *Arousal, Affective Symptoms/etiology/*physiopathology, Aphasia/physiopathology, Brain Diseases/*complications, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Humans, Laterality, Male, Middle Aged, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Syndrome},
pages = {229--32},
}1975 (1)
Sensitive period for the development of human binocular vision. Banks, M., Aslin, R. N, & Letson, R. Science, 190(4215):675-7, 1975.
abstract bibtex
abstract bibtex
Twenty-four subjects with abnormal binocular experience, due to a condition of convergent strabismus that existed during different periods of their lives, were tested. Interocular transfer of the tilt-aftereffect was used to assess binocularity. Individuals between 1 and 3 years of age are most susceptible to abnormal binocular experience.
@Article{Banks1975,
author = {MS Banks and Richard N Aslin and RD Letson},
journal = {Science},
title = {Sensitive period for the development of human binocular vision.},
year = {1975},
number = {4215},
pages = {675-7},
volume = {190},
abstract = {Twenty-four subjects with abnormal binocular experience, due to a
condition of convergent strabismus that existed during different
periods of their lives, were tested. Interocular transfer of the
tilt-aftereffect was used to assess binocularity. Individuals between
1 and 3 years of age are most susceptible to abnormal binocular experience.},
keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Preschool, Human, Infant, Newborn, Strabismus, Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S., Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, 1188363},
}